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- Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- 727 Manitou Avenue Box 992
- Manitou Springs, Colorado 80829-0992
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- (719) 685-1137
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- GENERAL LEDGER II
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- Release 3
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- August 16, 1988
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- Copyright (C) 1986-1987-1988 by Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
- 727 Manitou Avenue
- Manitou Springs, Colorado 80829
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- SHAREWARE
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- by Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- All of the programs in this package, and the manual that accompanies
- them are copyrighted by Peak InfoSystems, Inc. All rights are
- reserved.
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- If you intend to use the software in this package on a regular basis,
- we require that you register your copy of GENERAL LEDGER II with us by
- sending a copy of the information on the registration form at the end
- of this preface.
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- A second copy of the registration form is included with the software
- under the name, "invoice".
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- Your registration application must be accompanied by the specified
- fee, payable in United States currency. We accept Master Card or
- VISA, and we will accept your personal check.
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- WHAT NON-REGISTERED USERS ARE PERMITTED TO DO
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- Non-registered users are hereby granted a limited license to use Peak
- InfoSystems, Inc. GENERAL LEDGER II programs on a trial basis, and to
- copy the full package for trial use by others. This permission is
- subject to the following limitations:
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- 1. A complete copy of all disks, including documentation, must be
- provided. It is a violation of our copyright to supply a less-
- than-complete copy.
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- 2. Each disk containing Peak InfoSystems, Inc. software must be
- labeled with the following notice:
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- Copyright (C) 1986-1987-1988 by Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- 3. No charge may be solicited or accepted for any part of Peak
- InfoSystems, Inc. GENERAL LEDGER II.
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- 4. No commercial or governmental use may be made of unregistered
- Peak InfoSystems, Inc. GENERAL LEDGER II software.
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- WHAT REGISTRATION ENTITLES YOU TO
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- Each registered user will receive the following:
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- 1. A current copy of Peak InfoSystems, Inc. GENERAL LEDGER II.
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- 2. Notices of updates as they become available. Notices will be
- mailed to the address you furnish on your registration form.
- There will be a charge for each update.
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- 3. Telephone support. Each registered user is entitled to 15
- minutes consultation time. If additional time is required, it
- may be purchased at a rate of $50 per hour.
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- 4. Information on other Peak InfoSystems, Inc. shareware.
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- PLEASE NOTE: YOU MUST BE REGISTERED IN ORDER TO RECEIVE TELEPHONE
- SUPPORT. PLEASE DON'T ASK FOR HELP UNTIL YOU'VE REGISTERED WITH US.
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- DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
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- Peak InfoSystems makes no representations or WARRANTIES with respect
- to the contents of this publication or with respect to the computer
- software it describes, and specifically DISCLAIMS any IMPLIED
- WARRANTIES of MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
- Further, Peak InfoSystems reserves the right to make changes in the
- content of this manual or the computer software it describes without
- obligation to notify any firm or person of such changes.
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- Copyright (C) 1986-1987-1988 by Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- INVOICE
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- Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
- 727 Manitou Avenue
- Manitou Springs, Colorado 80829-0992
- Phone: (719) 685-1137
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- Registration for Peak InfoSystems, Inc., GENERAL LEDGER II: $50.00
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- Colorado residents add 3% sales tax: $ 1.50
- El Paso County residents add 1% sales tax: $ .50
- ______
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- Total enclosed:
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- [ ] Check [ ] Money Order [ ] Master Card [ ] VISA
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- Make check payable to Peak InfoSystems, Inc.
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- If Master Card or VISA: Card Number: _________________________
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- Expiration Date: _____________________
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- =================================================================
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- Name: ----------------------------------------
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- Firm or Agency: ----------------------------------------
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- Address: ________________________________________
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- City, State, Zip Code: ________________________________________
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- Telephone: (Area)__________ Number ________________
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- (3.6)
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- CONTENTS
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- 1. OVERVIEW...................................................... 1
- 1.1 System Description....................................... 2
- 1.2 System Requirements...................................... 3
- 1.3 System Limits............................................ 3
- 1.4 Supplies................................................. 3
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- 2. SETTING UP YOUR GENERAL LEDGER................................ 4
- 2.1 Planning A Chart of Accounts............................. 4
- 2.1.1 What an Accounting System Must Do................ 5
- 2.1.2 Balance Sheet Accounts........................... 6
- 2.1.2.1 Assets.................................. 7
- 2.1.2.2 Liabilities............................. 7
- 2.1.2.3 Capital................................. 7
- 2.1.3 Income Statement Accounts........................ 8
- 2.1.3.1 Revenue................................. 8
- 2.1.3.2 Cost of Goods Sold...................... 9
- 2.1.3.3 Expenses................................ 9
- 2.1.4 Account Categories............................... 9
- 2.1.5 Detail Accounts, Master Accounts, and Subordi-
- nate Accounts.................................... 10
- 2.1.6 Departmentalization.............................. 10
- 2.2 Startup Date............................................. 11
- 2.3 Office Procedures and Security........................... 11
- 2.3.1 Data Security.................................... 11
- 2.3.2 Physical Security................................ 12
- 2.4 Preparing Your Disks..................................... 13
- 2.4.1 Floppy Disk System............................... 14
- 2.4.1.1 Single Data Disk System................. 14
- 2.4.1.2 Double Data Disk System................. 14
- 2.4.2 Fixed Disk System................................ 14
- 2.5 Notation Conventions..................................... 15
- 2.6 Configuring Your System.................................. 15
- 2.6.1 Company Name..................................... 15
- 2.6.2 Categories....................................... 15
- 2.6.3 System Defaults.................................. 17
- 2.6.3.1 Fiscal Year End......................... 17
- 2.6.3.2 Profit and Loss Account Number.......... 17
- 2.6.3.3 Income Summary Account Number........... 17
- 2.6.3.4 Check Register Default Account.......... 17
- 2.6.3.5 Cash Journal Default Account............ 18
- 2.6.3.6 Voucher Difference Default Account...... 18
- 2.6.3.7 Show P & L on journal Listing........... 18
- 2.6.4 Printer Control Codes............................ 18
- 2.6.5 File Paths....................................... 19
- 2.6.6 Passwords........................................ 20
- 2.7 Getting Started.......................................... 21
- 2.8 Learning The System...................................... 22
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- 3. STARTING AND ENDING -- THE MASTER MENU........................ 24
- 3.1 Journal.................................................. 25
- 3.2 Reports.................................................. 25
- 3.3 Accounts................................................. 25
- 3.4 Closing Checklist........................................ 25
- 3.5 Change Period Ending Date................................ 26
- 3.6 Quit..................................................... 26
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- 4. THE JOURNAL................................................... 27
- 4.1 The Journal Screen....................................... 27
- 4.1.1 Work State....................................... 27
- 4.1.2 Voucher Number................................... 28
- 4.1.3 Date............................................. 28
- 4.1.4 Folio............................................ 28
- 4.1.5 Entry............................................ 28
- 4.1.6 Description...................................... 29
- 4.1.7 Difference....................................... 29
- 4.1.8 Transaction Window............................... 29
- 4.1.9 Work Zone........................................ 29
- 4.1.10 Bulletin Lines................................... 29
- 4.2 Adding Vouchers.......................................... 29
- 4.2.1 Start Voucher.................................... 30
- 4.2.1.1 General Journal State................... 30
- 4.2.1.2 Check Register State.................... 31
- 4.2.1.3 Cash Journal State...................... 31
- 4.2.2 Folio............................................ 31
- 4.2.3 Account Number Entry Level....................... 32
- 4.2.3.1 Finding an Account...................... 32
- 4.2.3.2 Editing a Transaction................... 33
- 4.2.3.3 Editing Header Information.............. 33
- 4.2.3.4 Changing The Entry Signal............... 33
- 4.2.3.5 Canceling a Voucher..................... 33
- 4.2.3.6 Completing the Voucher.................. 34
- 4.2.4 Transaction Description.......................... 34
- 4.2.5 Transaction Amount............................... 35
- 4.2.6 Cash Journal Automatic Balancing................. 35
- 4.3 Entering a Voucher -- A Summary.......................... 35
- 4.4 Editing Vouchers......................................... 36
- 4.5 Listing the Journal...................................... 36
- 4.5.1 Full Journal Listing............................. 37
- 4.5.2 Journal Totals Only.............................. 37
- 4.5.3 Single Account Listing........................... 37
- 4.6 Posting the Journal...................................... 38
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- 5. REPORTS....................................................... 39
- 5.1 Transaction Report....................................... 39
- 5.2 Income Statement......................................... 40
- 5.3 Balance Sheet............................................ 41
- 5.4 End of Month Reports..................................... 41
- 5.5 Single Account Summary................................... 41
- 5.6 Trial Balance............................................ 42
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- 5.7 Department Reports....................................... 42
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- 6. ACCOUNTS...................................................... 43
- 6.1 Adding New Accounts...................................... 43
- 6.1.1 Account Number................................... 43
- 6.1.2 Account Name..................................... 44
- 6.1.3 Account Type..................................... 45
- 6.2 Editing Accounts......................................... 45
- 6.3 Listing Accounts......................................... 46
- 6.3.1 All Account Listings............................. 46
- 6.3.2 Detail Account Listings.......................... 46
- 6.3.3 Department Account Listings...................... 46
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- 7. CLOSING....................................................... 47
- 7.1 Closing Checklist........................................ 47
- 7.2 Closing.................................................. 47
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- 8. ERROR MESSAGES AND DATA RECOVERY.............................. 49
- 8.1 Error Messages and Error Diagnosis....................... 49
- 8.1.1 System Errors.................................... 49
- 8.1.1.1 Not Enough Memory....................... 49
- 8.1.1.2 Couldn't Open .......................... 49
- 8.1.1.3 Couldn't Read ... or Couldn't Write
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- 8.1.2 Data Errors...................................... 50
- 8.2 Recovering Lost Data..................................... 50
- 8.3 Backups.................................................. 51
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- Section 1 Overview
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- 1. OVERVIEW
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- Peak InfoSystems' General Ledger II (GL II) is an automated book-
- keeping system designed specifically for a small professional
- practice.
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- Many of the accounting systems on the market today are aimed at
- the retailer, or wholesaler, who must keep elaborate inventory
- records, extensive information on payables, and all of the details
- associated with point-of-sale data capture.
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- If you need this kind of accounting system, nothing can take its
- place. On the other hand, if you don't need all the "bells and
- whistles", the amount of time you must spend on that kind of sys-
- tem is frustrating at best. For a professional, whose billable
- time is the only thing he has to sell, automating with such a sys-
- tem can be prohibitively expensive.
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- GL II is a follow-on to a general ledger system written in FOR-
- TRAN, in 1981 by Peak InfoSystems, Inc., under its prior name,
- "H.S.D. Incorporated", and elegantly named, "HSDGL". HSDGL ran,
- and still runs, on TRS 80* Models I, III, and IV in the hands of
- professionals and small retailers and wholesalers. GL II retains
- all of HSDGL's best features, and adds a few new features of its
- own.
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- HSDGL's main design objective was simplicity for the operator.
- During its first four years of operation, we received many
- requests from users to add various "features" that we deliberately
- had left out of the system in order to keep it simple. We
- evaluated each of these suggestions, added one or two, but
- rejected most because they interfered with the simplicity we'd
- achieved.
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- MS-DOS** and the C Programming Language have provided flexibility
- we didn't have when we wrote HSDGL, and we've been able to incor-
- porate a few of the HSDGL suggestions in GL II without
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- * TRS 80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.
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- ** MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corp.
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- Section 1 Overview
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- compromising simplicity: The Journal program, for instance, con-
- tains a pre-posting list feature that lets you see what the post-
- ing results will be, and make corrections if you want to, before
- final posting. The Reports Menu includes a selection that lets
- you print all of the mandatory end-of-month reports with a single
- keystroke. Finally, we introduced "master" and "detail" accounts,
- and "departmentalization" in such a way that, although they're
- there, you don't need to use them, or even know anything about
- them.
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- Simplicity for the operator is still the key feature of GL II.
- Once you use it, we think you'll find it very difficult to switch
- to anything else.
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- 1.1 System Description
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- GL II includes the following features:
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- * Up to 300 accounts that you define yourself, grouped into up
- to 32 categories that you define yourself.
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- * Standard, pre-established, report formats that eliminate the
- need for you to design reports.
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- * A simple configuration method that lets you use whatever
- printer you happen to have available.
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- * A transaction entry method that lets you call for accounts by
- name (or partial name) as well as by account number.
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- * A check register feature that automatically captures data on
- all checking account activity.
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- * A cash journal feature that lets you create a doubly-posted
- petty cash journal with just a single entry for each transac-
- tion.
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- * A locked-in audit trail. GL II won't accept direct changes to
- the balances in any of its accounts. In order to change a
- value, you must make entries through the journal and print a
- posting report that shows what happened. GL II uses serial
- voucher numbers generated by the program. If something is
- missing, chances are you'll know it. In addition, GL II won't
- allow you to close an accounting period until you've printed
- at least a Transaction Report, an Income Statement, and a Bal-
- ance Sheet.
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- * Three levels of password protection.
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- * A data recovery utility that makes data loss through power or
- equipment failure very unlikely.
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- Section 1 Overview
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- 1.2 System Requirements
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- GL II requires an IBM PC or IBM PC look-alike with a minimum of
- 256 thousand characters (256K bytes) of internal memory and two
- double-sided floppy disk drives. A fixed-disk based computer sys-
- tem is required if you process more than about 2000 vouchers a
- month. In addition, GL II requires a printer that can produce 132
- character lines. Your printer may do this either in standard 10
- pitch, using 14 7/8 inch-wide paper, or in compressed mode
- (approximately 16.5 characters per inch), using 9 1/2 inch-wide
- paper.
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- 1.3 System Limits
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- GL II will accept a maximum of 300 accounts. The number of vouch-
- ers (groups of account postings) that GL II will handle is deter-
- mined by available disk space. If you're using a floppy disk sys-
- tem, the maximum is about 2,100 vouchers per month. If you're
- using a fixed disk system and can devote 1 megabyte to transaction
- storage, GL II will handle nearly 6,000 vouchers per month.
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- 1.4 Supplies
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- If you're using a floppy disk based system, you'll need several
- high-quality magnetic disks to store your programs and data.
- Since disks eventually wear out you should retire your working
- disks periodically and replace them with new ones. We recommend
- you do this about every 400 hours of working time.
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- Section 2 Setting Up
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- 2. SETTING UP YOUR GENERAL LEDGER
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- This section deals with the things you must do to install GL II
- and configure it for your own business or professional practice.
- Part of the job involves planning that you must do yourself.
- Another part involves the purely technical tasks associated with
- your computer system. If you read this section and feel uncertain
- about some of the requirements for file distribution and backup,
- you may want to hire a consultant who's familiar with computer
- systems to help you.
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- 2.1 Planning A Chart of Accounts
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- Instructions on how to physically prepare your disks and enter
- your accounts begin in Section 2.4. Before you do these things,
- however, you must decide what your accounting system is going to
- contain, and create a logical arrangement for it in a "Chart of
- Accounts".
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- Although every accounting system contains the standard segments
- discussed in Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3, unless you're running a gas
- station or a fast food chain restaurant, there's no such thing as
- a "standard" chart of accounts.
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- Although the thing that will help most to produce a good chart of
- accounts is your own knowledge of your business or practice, some
- of the information and ideas in the following paragraphs may help
- you plan.
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- GL II is a "balance forward", "double entry" accounting system.
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- "Balance forward" means that at the end of each month, all tran-
- saction details are posted to the various accounts, printed on
- paper, and then deleted.
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- "Double entry" means that the balance of debits and credits in
- each collection of related transactions (called a "voucher" in the
- following pages) must be zero. Likewise, the balance of all
- debits and credits in all the accounts in the general ledger must
- be zero.
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- If you don't understand "debits" or "credits", or double entry
- bookkeeping, we recommend strongly that you buy one of the many
- simplified books available on the subject and learn what you need
- to know.
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- Section 2 Setting Up
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- 2.1.1 What an Accounting System Must Do
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- It's easy nowadays to believe that the only reason for maintaining
- detailed books is to satisfy the Internal Revenue Service. But
- long before there was an income tax and an I.R.S. -- long before
- there was a United States -- people with businesses were keeping
- double entry books. The reason they kept them was so that from
- month to month they could determine whether their businesses were
- making money or losing it.
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- If your business or professional practice is making less money
- than it should, there are only three things you can do about it:
- increase revenue, decrease expenses, or find another business or
- profession.
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- To make a proper choice between the alternatives, you have to know
- three things: how much revenue your business is taking in, how
- much money goes to cover expenses, and whether or not the differ-
- ence between the first figure and the second represents a satis-
- factory income.
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- If you examine the things you do for your clients or customers,
- you may find that a certain activity is consuming a lot of time,
- but not producing much revenue. You may be able to improve your
- income by reducing or eliminating that activity so you have more
- time for activities that produce better revenues.
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- Sometimes individual expenses get out of hand. An example might
- be the copier you're paying over a hundred dollars a month to sup-
- ply and maintain. If it turns out you're only making six dozen
- copies a month, you almost certainly can do the job for less by
- going to the library once in a while to make copies for a dime
- apiece.
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- If you can identify both the revenues and expenses associated with
- a particular business activity, examination may show that although
- that activity is producing plenty of revenue, its expenses are so
- high that its contribution to your income is low or nil. This is
- a particularly difficult problem. It's hard to reduce or elim-
- inate an activity that's putting lots of money into the cash
- register. Only a "departmentalized" accounting setup is likely to
- give you the information you need to make this decision.
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- These are all things you ought to think about when you design your
- chart of accounts. A good accounting system should be able to
- tell you about revenue, expenses, and net income, tell you if
- you're heading for trouble, and help you make decisions that will
- improve your financial results.
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- A good accounting system also should be designed to do these
- things with as little effort as possible. Once you become aware
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- Section 2 Setting Up
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- of what an accounting system can do, it's easy to get carried away
- and create a monster that includes an individual expense account
- for paper clips, another for typewriter ribbons, etc. When you're
- designing your system, remember that its purpose is to help you,
- not to create hours of extra work for yourself or your employees.
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- If you're in doubt whether or not to include a particular account,
- it's better not to include it. If you need that account, experi-
- ence will tell you so, and you can add it later.
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- Above all, don't be afraid to change your accounting system when
- you see that it needs change. In particular, make it a standard
- practice to review your chart of accounts at the end of each fis-
- cal year and change it, or completely redesign it, if your experi-
- ence has shown you ways to get better information out of it.
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- Most businesses nowadays employ the services of an accountant or a
- tax preparation agency at tax time. The tax laws change so
- rapidly that it's almost impossible for any active business-person
- or professional to stay abreast of them. Get your tax-preparer's
- advice before you set your accounting system in concrete. Profes-
- sional tax advice may help you design an accounting system that
- can save you money.
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- 2.1.2 Balance Sheet Accounts
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- Every accounting system can be broken into two major segments and
- either five or six minor segments. In order to use GL II effec-
- tively, you must know what these segments are and what they
- represent.
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- The first major segment is what we'll call the "Balance Sheet"
- segment.
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- A "balance sheet" shows you where your business stood at a partic-
- ular moment, usually midnight of the last day of the month. The
- balance sheet expresses what most accounting and bookkeeping text-
- books call the "standard accounting formula",
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- "Owner's equity = assets - liabilities".
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- What this formula means is that if you add up the value of all the
- things your business owns and then subtract all the money the
- business owes, the difference represents what part of the business
- you can lay claim to.
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- Balance sheet accounts can be grouped into the following three
- categories:
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- Section 2 Setting Up
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- 2.1.2.1 Assets
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- Assets are the things your business or practice owns. When
- applied to assets, the word, "owns" has a broader meaning than
- you'd normally attach to it. "Accounts receivable", for instance
- -- the amounts your clients owe you -- are assets "owned" by your
- practice. If your company is a corporation, it will "own" its
- "Organization Costs" -- a fictitious "asset" created by legisla-
- tive fiat.
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- Most asset accounts are debit accounts. If your checking account
- has a credit balance, it's overdrawn. On the other hand, the
- asset segment of your ledger may contain some "offsetting" credit
- accounts, usually to record depreciation and amortization.
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- 2.1.2.2 Liabilities
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- "Liabilities" are the amounts your business "owes". The main
- account in this ledger segment normally will be "Accounts Pay-
- able".
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- If you're doing any retail selling, either as your primary busi-
- ness or as a sideline to a professional practice, this segment
- also should have a "Sales Tax Payable" account.
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- One account you may want to include under liabilities is a "pay-
- ables" account to yourself. This is an easy way to handle petty
- cash accounting in a business or practice where you make most of
- the petty cash expenditures out of your own pocket. It saves set-
- ting up a separate "Petty Cash" account in the "assets" segment of
- your ledger, and then going through the formal procedures associ-
- ated with a petty cash "box", and petty cash "vouchers". If you
- create a "Payables" account to yourself, you may want to make it
- the "Cash Journal Default Account" explained in Section 2.6.3.5.
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- 2.1.2.3 Capital
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- Another word for "owner's equity" in the formula we gave in Sec-
- tion 2.1.2 is "capital". The meaning of "owner's equity" is clear
- if your business is a sole proprietorship, but it becomes a bit
- fuzzy if your business is a corporation. A corporation uses capi-
- tal accounts such as "Common Stock", "Treasury Stock", "Retained
- Earnings", "Dividends", etc.
-
- GL II requires two special accounts in the Capital segment of your
- chart of accounts. You may number and name these accounts in any
- way consistent with the category and account sequence required by
- GL II, but they must exist:
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- 1. Profit and Loss is an account manipulated wholly by GL II.
- GL II uses this account as a repository for the difference
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- Section 2 Setting Up
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-
-
- between revenue and expenses, discussed in Section 2.1.3, so
- that this difference can show on your balance sheet. Once
- you've established your profit and loss account, the only
- thing GL II will allow you to do to it is change its name.
- After you've closed for the year, and before you've entered a
- transaction for the new year, GL II will allow you to change
- it in other ways.
-
- 2. Income Summary is the account to which GL II posts the annual
- profit or loss when it closes your books for the fiscal year.
-
- The reason GL II closes the year to "Income Summary" rather
- than directly to "Retained Earnings", or "Owner's Equity" is
- that after you close, final adjustments may still have to be
- made to the profit or loss figure. While you're waiting for
- depreciation adjustments from your accountant, you can go on
- with the new year. When the adjustments are available, you
- can post them to the appropriate accounts, including "Income
- Summary", to get a true net profit figure, then transfer that
- figure to "Retained Earnings" or "Owner's Equity", and clear
- "Income Summary" in preparation for next year's closing.
-
- 2.1.3 Income Statement Accounts
-
- An "Income Statement", or "Profit and Loss Statement" is a report
- that summarizes the month's financial activity in your business or
- practice. The Balance Sheet shows where you are. The Income
- Statement shows how you got there. There are two simple account-
- ing formulas that apply to the Income Statement:
-
- "Gross Profit = Revenue - Cost Of Goods Sold"
-
- "Net Profit = Gross Profit - Expenses"
-
- In other words, the second major segment of your accounting sys-
- tem, the Income Statement Segment, provides the information you
- need to calculate profit and loss.
-
- "Gross profit" and "cost of goods sold" are terms that apply only
- if you're selling something other than your time or your services.
- If you're running a straight professional practice and not selling
- toothpaste or cold drinks on the side, the two formulas become
- one:
-
- "Net Profit = Revenue - Expenses"
-
- 2.1.3.1 Revenue
-
- If you do only one thing as a professional, you may be able to get
- by with a single account in the revenue segment of your ledger:
- "Revenue". If you're a retailer, your revenue section might
-
-
-
- -8-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- contain just two accounts: "Sales", and "Sales Returns and Adjust-
- ments".
-
- In most cases the situation will be a bit more complicated.
- Remember, however, that the more revenue breakout accounts you
- create, the more work you'll have to do to identify what goes
- where. Keep it as simple as you can.
-
- 2.1.3.2 Cost of Goods Sold
-
- If you're a professional who does no retailing, you won't need a
- "Cost Of Goods Sold" account category.
-
- Many retailers see "Cost Of Goods Sold" as an expense account,
- and, in fact, it's a special kind of expense. Keeping track of it
- separately allows a "gross profit from sales" calculation, which
- may be used in various ways explained in standard accounting text-
- books.
-
- 2.1.3.3 Expenses
-
- Expense breakouts produce the largest number of accounts in most
- accounting systems. The reason for this probably is that expenses
- tend to be more controllable than other parts of the accounting
- equation.
-
- A traditional distinction for expense accounts is between "fixed
- expenses", which remain relatively constant, and "variable
- expenses", which vary in proportion to revenue. In a retail
- operation, this distinction allows calculation of a "break-even
- point": the minimum revenue that will keep the business from
- suffering a net income loss. In a professional practice, where
- expenses associated directly with revenue tend to be very low, the
- "break even point" usually is very close to the total of "fixed
- expenses".
-
- Somewhere in your ledger's expense account segment, you must
- create a "Voucher Difference Account" to be used for the temporary
- automatic balancing operation described in Section 2.6.3.6, and in
- the data recovery operations described in Section 8.
-
- 2.1.4 Account Categories
-
- We're going to switch terminology now, and begin calling the six
- "minor ledger segments", "types". In other words, from now on,
- we'll identify an "Asset" type of account, a "Liability" type, a
- "Capital" type, "Revenue", "Cost Of Goods Sold", and "Expense"
- types.
-
- The reason we want to do this is that we're about to introduce the
- idea of "categories".
-
-
-
- -9-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- GL II allows you to name up to 32 account categories, each of
- which falls into one of the six "types". This means that if you
- want to, you can break your asset accounts into categories called,
- "Liquid Assets" and "Fixed Assets", or your expense accounts into
- "Fixed Expenses", "Variable Expenses", and "Marketing Expenses".
-
- GL II comes with six categories already named and defined. They
- simply echo the six "types".
-
- You may want to use several categories to improve the readability
- of your reports. Remember, however, that the more categories you
- add, the longer your reports will be, and the more time they'll
- take to print.
-
- 2.1.5 Detail Accounts, Master Accounts, and Subordinate Accounts
-
- In addition to letting you create categories of accounts and
- obtain totals for the categories on your Income Statement, GL II
- allows you to create "master" accounts with subordinate "detail"
- accounts.
-
- Only "detail" accounts will accept transactions. If you don't use
- GL II's "master account" feature, all your accounts will be detail
- accounts, and you won't need to worry about the distinction. An
- account remains a detail account unless you specifically change it
- into a master account.
-
- On the other hand, you may want to group certain accounts
- together. If you do this, the amount shown in the master account
- will be the total of amounts in all the master account's subordi-
- nate detail accounts.
-
- A master account may have up to 99 subordinate detail accounts. A
- detail account appended to a master account has an account number
- made up of the master account's four digit integer, followed by a
- decimal point, followed by a one or two-digit integer.
-
- 2.1.6 Departmentalization
-
- GL II allows you to use the two-digit integer in a subordinate
- detail account as a department number. A "department" is a "pro-
- fit center" in your business identified separately for cost
- accounting. Departmentalization usually is applied to revenue and
- expense accounts in order to determine whether or not a specific
- operation within the business is making money.
-
- Unless you know all about it and have some good reason for doing
- cost accounting, don't attempt to use departmentalization.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -10-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- 2.2 Startup Date
-
- While you're designing your chart of accounts, give some thought
- to when you're going to start using GL II to do your books.
-
- It's easiest to start using GL II at the beginning of a new fiscal
- year. The only figures you'll have to transfer from your old
- accounting system are the previous year's ending balances from the
- Balance Sheet. Once you've entered those amounts, you can do an
- end-of-year closing with GL II and the switch-over will be com-
- plete.
-
- The next best time to start GL II is at the beginning of a month.
- To do this, you'll have to enter figures for the previous month's
- end-of-month balances in all your accounts, then close GL II for
- the previous month.
-
- If you decide to begin using GL II in the middle of a month,
- you'll have to go through the beginning-of-month process, then
- enter all the current month's transactions.
-
- 2.3 Office Procedures and Security
-
- While you're planning for the switchover to GL II, give some
- thought to the methods you're going to use to insure the accuracy
- and security of your accounting data.
-
- GL II includes a feature that lets you print all the information
- in the journal before you post it. This report also shows you
- what the beginning balance, net change, and ending balance will be
- for each account affected by the month's transactions.
-
- You can do a lot to insure the accuracy of your accounting data by
- routinely comparing the journal listing against its source docu-
- ments before posting takes place. If possible, this review should
- be done by someone other than the person who made the journal
- entries.
-
- Security involves two things: making sure you don't lose informa-
- tion you need for your records, and making sure your accounting
- information is safe from prying eyes or tampering.
-
- 2.3.1 Data Security
-
- The best way to keep from losing data is to be sure that the per-
- son who does your accounting makes regular "backups" of the disk
- or disks that contain your accounting data. Modern microcomputers
- are very reliable machines, but a power failure during a working
- session can cause everything on a data disk to be lost.
-
-
-
-
-
- -11-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- You'll also want to provide secure storage for your accounting
- reports. If you had a good physical security system for your
- manual accounting documents, simply continue it for the reports
- generated by GL II.
-
- It's a good idea to run GL II for a month or so in "parallel" with
- your manual system -- especially if you haven't used a computer
- before. Not only will this kind of "parallel operation" make you
- feel more confident about the accuracy of your accounting, it will
- show you the similarities between your manual system and your
- automated system. It takes extra work to do this, but usually
- it's worth it.
-
- GL II is a "balance forward" system. This means that at the end
- of each month it "closes back" all detailed transaction informa-
- tion for each account to a single "prior balance". If you try to
- print an Income Statement after closing, all you'll get will be
- the prior balance for each account. If you try to print a Tran-
- saction Report, you won't get anything. If you want to be able to
- re-print reports for any month, make an archival "backup" of your
- data disks at the end of each month -- BEFORE you close out.
-
- If various people in your office do the books, you'll probably
- want to review GL II's posting reports periodically to make sure
- that voucher numbers haven't been "lost". Each voucher is num-
- bered sequentially by GL II. Numbers run from 1 to 999999 before
- re-cycling. The operator has no access to the voucher numbering
- system. If a voucher has been deleted, its number still will show
- up on a posting report. A missing voucher number can result from
- a printer failure, but it also can result from an attempt to "cook
- the books".
-
- 2.3.2 Physical Security
-
- If you're working with floppy disks, the best security measure is
- to lock up your disks each night.
-
- If you're working with a fixed disk system to which several people
- have access, you may use the password protection system described
- in Section 2.6.6 to give your files a reasonable amount of secu-
- rity against disclosure or tampering.
-
- Voucher numbering and passwords make it more difficult for someone
- to "cook the books", but they don't eliminate the possibility. A
- knowledgeable computer scientist (hacker or otherwise) with enough
- time and computing power will be able to restore missing voucher
- numbers and defeat password protection. The moral of this story
- comes in two parts: (1) Don't put your books on a computer that's
- connected to a telephone line through a modem, and, (2) If you
- think there's a temptation problem in your office, or that there
- might be one, lock up your data.
-
-
-
- -12-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- 2.4 Preparing Your Disks
-
- The floppy disk supplied by Peak InfoSystems contains GL II's pro-
- grams, plus empty copies of all the data files required for opera-
- tion of the system. The files on this disk should be distributed
- to working disks according to one of the plans discussed in the
- following sections, and the original disk should be stored away in
- case you want to re-start your system at a later date.
-
- The files included on the Peak InfoSystems distribution disk are:
-
- * GL.EXE The GENERAL LEDGER II Program.
-
- * LCONFIG.EXE A program that allows you to configure GL II to
- the requirements of your practice.
-
- * LRECOVER.EXE A program that may be able to recover the keys to
- your data if you have a power failure during operation of the
- system, or forget and remove your floppy disks before return-
- ing to the operating system prompt.
-
- * LCONFIG.DAT The data file that contains configuration data
- entered through "LCONFIG.EXE". LCONFIG.DAT must always remain
- on the floppy disk or in the fixed disk directory you're using
- as a "default" during operation. In other words, when you see
- the DOS system prompt, you should be able to say, "dir", and
- see LCONFIG.DAT listed as one of the files.
-
- * LCONTROL.DAT A data file that contains information on how many
- entries you have in various data files, plus the keys that
- allow you to access your data quickly.
-
- * LACCOUNT.DAT A data file that contains GL II's account infor-
- mation.
-
- * VOUCHERS.DAT A data file that contains information on the
- vouchers you enter as you go through the accounting period.
- This file grows as necessary to fill the available disk space,
- and is reduced to 8 bytes immediately after closing at the end
- of the month.
-
- * JOURNAL.DAT A data file that contains the transactions associ-
- ated with GL II's vouchers. This file grows as necessary to
- fill the available disk space, and is reduced to 80 bytes
- immediately after closing at the end of the accounting period.
-
- When you're considering how to distribute your files, remember
- that ALL DATA FILES MUST BE BACKED UP TOGETHER AND KEPT TOGETHER.
- If you try to combine a data file from one set with data files
- from another, you'll get wildly erroneous results when you try to
- run the system.
-
-
-
- -13-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- No matter what file distribution you make initially, you can
- change the distribution later.
-
- 2.4.1 Floppy Disk System
-
- If you're going to operate GL II with floppy disks, there are two
- different ways to set up your system. Which one you choose will
- depend on how many vouchers you expect to process in a month.
-
- 2.4.1.1 Single Data Disk System
-
- If you'll be entering less than about 1,800 vouchers a month, you
- may place all the files with a ".DAT" extension on the disk in
- drive "B:", except for "LCONFIG.DAT", which must remain on the
- default "A:" drive.
-
- The advantage of this configuration is that when you back up, you
- need copy only the contents of drive "B:" to a backup disk. The
- program disk in drive "A:" need not be backed up.
-
- 2.4.1.2 Double Data Disk System
-
- If you process more than 1,800 vouchers a month, you'll have to
- keep all ".DAT" files, except for "VOUCHERS.DAT" and
- "JOURNAL.DAT", on drive "A:", and put "VOUCHERS.DAT" and
- "JOURNAL.DAT" on drive "B:", so that they can grow to the disk's
- maximum capacity of around 2,100 vouchers.
-
- If you use this configuration, you MUST set up a procedure that
- insures you back up both disks, and keep the pairs of primaries
- and pairs of backups together as discrete sets. If disks from
- your primary and backup sets get mixed, your system may become
- corrupted to the point where you'll have to start over.
-
- 2.4.2 Fixed Disk System
-
- If you're operating a fixed disk system, you may put GL II's
- ".EXE" files in any active "path". You may also put all ".DAT"
- files in a sub-directory away from the directory you're in when
- you're operating with GL II. The only limitation on a fixed disk
- system is that LCONFIG.DAT must exist in the default directory.
-
- The usual setup is to place GL II's ".EXE" files in a standard
- executable "path" directory, and then create a special sub-
- directory to hold all of GL II's data files except "LCONFIG.DAT".
- If your system is configured this way, change directory into the
- special sub-directory, and then type, "GL" to run your accounting
- system. To back up this configuration, simply back up the files
- in your data sub-directory.
-
-
-
-
-
- -14-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- 2.5 Notation Conventions
-
- Throughout GL II, two kinds of responses are called for.
-
- If the menu on your screen contains a choice that begins with
- "<3>", simply pressing the number "3" on your keyboard will select
- that choice. The angle brackets mean that GL II won't wait for
- you to press the <Enter> key.
-
- If a menu says "[name]", you'll have to enter at least one letter
- of a name, and then press the <Enter> key to tell GL II to accept
- what you've entered.
-
- 2.6 Configuring Your System
-
- Once you've distributed the files to fit your computer system, you
- must configure GL II to the requirements of your practice. To do
- this, make sure both "LCONFIG.DAT" and "LCONTROL.DAT" are in the
- default directory and type, "LCONFIG". GL II's configuration menu
- contains nine choices, explained in the following paragraphs.
-
- For your first configuration, LCONTROL.DAT must be in the default
- directory. Once you've given GL II the path to LCONTROL.DAT's
- final resting place (Section 2.6.5), you may move LCONTROL.DAT to
- that location.
-
- 2.6.1 Company Name
-
- To enter your company name, press <1>. GL II will display the
- current company name (a blank when you first start up), and ask
- you for a new company name.
-
- The line on the screen, following the cursor, is called a "prompt
- line". In this case, it's 39 characters long, which is the max-
- imum length of the company name. If you try to type in more than
- 39 characters, GL II won't accept the extra characters. If you
- make a mistake, use the backspace key to back up over your mistake
- so that you can try again. If you want to give up and start over,
- press <Control-X> -- in other words, hold down the <Ctrl> key, and
- press "X".
-
- As soon as you press <Enter>, GL II will accept your new company
- name, re-display it, and ask if that's what you want to use. If
- what you entered is correct, press <Enter> a second time, and
- GL II will take you back to the configuration menu.
-
- 2.6.2 Categories
-
- To begin entering GL II's categories, press <2>. GL II will
- display a screen with spaces for 32 category numbers and names.
- The numbers are there to let you make a selection. Only the names
-
-
-
- -15-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- will show on your reports.
-
- Six categories are pre-defined: ASSETS, LIABILITIES, CAPITAL,
- REVENUE, COST OF GOODS SOLD, and EXPENSES. If you're a retailer
- with a simple accounting system (the best kind), GL II's pre-
- defined categories may be satisfactory. If so, press <Enter> to
- leave this section of the configuration menu.
-
- Chances are you'll want to make some changes. If you're a profes-
- sional with a simple accounting system, you may want to delete
- COST OF GOODS SOLD.
-
- On the other hand, it isn't really necessary to delete a category
- you don't intend to use. If you define a category, but don't
- assign any accounts to it, it'll never show up in your reports.
- In fact, if there are categories within some of the basic account
- types that you think you might want to use later, it's better to
- define them now.
-
- WARNING: ONCE YOU'VE BEGUN USING GL II, YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO
- CHANGE CATEGORIES UNTIL YOU'VE CLOSED FOR THE YEAR.
-
- To select a category to change, enter the number of the category
- and press <Enter>. GL II will give you a prompt line 33 charac-
- ters long. If you press <Enter> at this point, nothing will have
- been changed, and you'll be back at the original display.
-
- To delete the category, press the "-" key. GL II will immediately
- delete the category and take you back to the original display.
-
- To change the category name, type in the name you want. As soon
- as you've done this, GL II will move the cursor to the left of the
- name you've just entered and will display the six category types
- at the bottom of the screen. Press the number key for the
- appropriate type. GL II will display the type you selected and
- will take you back to the beginning display.
-
- There's just one rule you must follow when you enter categories in
- GL II: types must be in sequence. After you've entered an asset
- category, followed by a liability category, you may not enter
- another asset category after the liability category. GL II will
- enforce this rule by beeping at you and printing an error message
- if you try to enter a category whose type is out of sequence.
-
- IF YOU CHANGE CATEGORIES AT THE BEGINNING OF A NEW FISCAL YEAR, GO
- TO THE ACCOUNTS PROGRAM AND MAKE SURE YOUR ACCOUNTS STILL ARE
- ASSOCIATED WITH THE CORRECT CATEGORIES (Section 6.2). CHANGING
- EXISTING CATEGORIES WITHOUT CORRECTING THE ASSOCIATED ACCOUNTS IS
- A SURE WAY TO DAMAGE YOUR ACCOUNTING SYSTEM BADLY ENOUGH THAT
- YOU'LL HAVE TO START OVER.
-
-
-
-
- -16-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- 2.6.3 System Defaults
-
- Pressing <3> at the configuration menu takes you to LCONFIG's sys-
- tem default menu.
-
- System defaults 1, 2, 3, and 6, call for information GL II must
- have to function properly. The other three are optional items
- that save you typing, and make using GL II's transaction entry
- journal even easier than it is without them.
-
- 2.6.3.1 Fiscal Year End
-
- GL II is delivered with the end of fiscal year month set to
- December. If your fiscal year ends in some other month, press <1>
- at the system defaults menu. GL II will ask,
-
- "Month (number) Fiscal Year Ends ->"
-
- Enter the number of the month that ends your fiscal year.
-
- GL II keeps track of the months as you go through the year. When
- the current month is the month that ends your fiscal year, GL II
- will close your books for the year instead of for the month.
-
- 2.6.3.2 Profit and Loss Account Number
-
- The function of the Profit and Loss account was discussed in Sec-
- tion 2.1.2.3. Be sure you enter a Profit and Loss account number
- at this point. When it comes time to enter your accounts (Section
- 2.7), be sure you enter a Profit and Loss account in the Capital
- section of your ledger that has the same account number you
- entered here.
-
- 2.6.3.3 Income Summary Account Number
-
- The Income Summary account also was discussed in Section 2.1.2.3.
- Be sure you enter an Income Summary account number at this point.
- When it comes time to enter your accounts (Section 2.7), be sure
- you enter an Income Summary account in the Capital section of your
- ledger that has the same account number you entered here.
-
- 2.6.3.4 Check Register Default Account
-
- If you place a checking account number in this optional system
- default field, GL II will use it in conjunction with the Check
- Register feature (Section 4.2.1.2).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -17-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- 2.6.3.5 Cash Journal Default Account
-
- GL II's cash journal is a feature that allows you quickly to enter
- a whole series of petty cash vouchers (Section 4.2.6). If you
- place a petty cash account in this default field, GL II will use
- it each time you enter a petty cash voucher.
-
- Your cash journal default account may be a personal payables
- account in the liabilities section of your ledger, as discussed in
- Section 2.1.2.2, or it may be a "Petty Cash" account in the assets
- section.
-
- 2.6.3.6 Voucher Difference Default Account
-
- Sooner or later you'll start a complex voucher, enter transactions
- to several accounts, then discover that an account you thought was
- in your Ledger simply isn't there. When this happens, there are
- two things you can do: (1) abandon the voucher and re-enter the
- transactions after you've created the new account, or (2) balance
- the entry to a temporary account, create the account you want,
- then come back and edit the voucher to change the account number
- from the temporary account to the new account.
-
- Once you enter a "Voucher Difference" account number in the system
- default field provided for it, GL II automatically will use that
- account as the temporary account for "What do I do now?" balances.
- In addition, if you ever need to recover data after a crash, as
- described in Section 8, GL II will use the Voucher Difference
- account as a repository for entries and amounts that have lost
- their original account associations.
-
- 2.6.3.7 Show P & L on journal Listing
-
- If you've split up the work in your office so that someone else
- makes entries into your general ledger, you'll want that other
- person to be able to list the journal, using the Data Entry pass-
- word described in Section 2.7.6. You may NOT want the whole
- year's profit or loss figure to come dumping out on a journal
- listing. If not, you'll want to leave the flag that tells GL II
- to include the profit and loss figure in a journal listing turned
- off. To turn this flag on, press <7> at the System Defaults menu.
-
- 2.6.4 Printer Control Codes
-
- If you operate GL II with a 132 column printer, and 14 7/8 inch
- paper, you can ignore printer control codes altogether. On the
- other hand, if you'd prefer the convenience of standard 8 1/2
- inch-wide paper that you can top-punch and handle easily, you'll
- need a printer that can be put into "compressed" mode (about 16.5
- characters per inch), with a "software control" sequence.
-
-
-
-
- -18-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- In addition, if you'd like to "jazz up" your Income Statement and
- Balance Sheet by "emphasizing" the identifying line at the top of
- each page, GL II can do that for you. (Note: Some printers won't
- allow you to do this. If you use emphasize, and get an un-
- compressed header that runs off the page, or wraps around, remove
- the compress code before you continue).
-
- Each printer has its own code sequences for the various opera-
- tions. To find out what they are, look in the index of the manual
- that came with your printer for a section on "control codes", or
- something similar.
-
- GL II requires that you find hexadecimal numbers for each code and
- enter them. Hexadecimal numbers are numbers to base sixteen
- instead of the "decimal" base ten most of us are familiar with.
- Hexadecimal numbers include the decimal numbers 0 through 9, and
- then continue with six letters -- A through F.
-
- Your printer manual may list the hexadecimal codes under a heading
- such as "Hex", "H", etc., or it may use "ASCII" names for the
- codes. If your manual uses ASCII names, such as "ESC", "SO",
- etc., it should also contain a table that converts these names to
- decimal and hexadecimal numbers.
-
- Enter the hexadecimal numbers for the codes you want to use. If
- you're using 9 1/2 inch paper, BE SURE YOU ENTER THE CODES FOR
- COMPRESS AND DE-COMPRESS. The others are optional.
-
- 2.6.5 File Paths
-
- Once you've decided where to put your data files -- as discussed
- in section 2.4 -- you have to tell GL II where you've put them.
-
- The <5> option in GL II's configuration program lets you specify a
- path for your voucher and transaction files, and a path for all
- other files.
-
- If you're operating with floppy disks, and you've selected the
- single data disk option discussed in section 2.4.1.1, you'll want
- both paths to say, "B:" -- meaning look on the "B:" drive for
- everything.
-
- If you're operating with the configuration discussed in section
- 2.4.1.2, where you have your voucher and transaction files on
- drive "B:", and all other files on drive "A:", you'll want your
- voucher and transaction file path to read, "B:", and your "all
- other files" path to read, "A:".
-
- If you're operating with a fixed disk, and you're using the file
- layout discussed in section 2.4.2, you'll want to make both paths
- blank.
-
-
-
- -19-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- If you try to run GL II for the first time and get a message say-
- ing "Can't open control.dat", chances are you've made a mistake
- setting up your paths.
-
- If you switch from a floppy disk system to a fixed disk system,
- don't forget to re-set the data paths using this feature of LCON-
- FIG.
-
- 2.6.6 Passwords
-
- GL II contains three levels of password protection that you may or
- may not elect to use. When you first configure GL II, no pass-
- words are activated. You're able to call up "GL" or "LCONFIG"
- without being asked for a password. Once you enter a password,
- GL II will ask you for the appropriate password each time you
- attempt to carry out a function.
-
- The "Data Entry" password is the lowest password level. If you
- possess this password, you'll be able to activate GL II and enter,
- edit, and list vouchers.
-
- In order to post the journal, print reports, or enter or modify
- accounts, you must possess the "Supervisor's" password.
-
- To activate LCONFIG, close out a period, or change the "Period
- Ending Date", you must have the "Master" password.
-
- GL II uses a "tiered" password scheme. If you enter the Master
- password when you first activate GL II, you'll be allowed access
- to all features of the system without being asked for the
- Supervisor's password or the Data Entry password. If you enter
- the Supervisor's password when you activate the system, GL II
- won't ask you for the Data Entry password.
-
- Since this is true, activating the Supervisor's password without
- activating the Master Password, or activating the Data Entry Pass-
- word without activating the Supervisor's Password would be mean-
- ingless, since the "no password" value of the Master Password
- would override the value of the Supervisor's Password, and the "no
- password" value of the Supervisor's Password would override the
- value of the Data Entry Password.
-
- For this reason, GL II insists that if you activate the
- Supervisor's Password you also activate the Master Password, and
- if you activate the Data Entry Password, you activate both the
- Supervisor's Password and Master Password.
-
- For the same reason, if you delete the Supervisor's Password,
- GL II will delete the Data Entry Password, and if you delete the
- Master Password, GL II will delete both the Supervisor's Password
- and the Data Entry Password.
-
-
-
- -20-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- To enter a password, make the appropriate selection from LCONFIG's
- password menu. If you press <Enter> in response to the prompt,
- GL II will ask whether or not you intend to use "No password?".
- If that's what you want, answer "y" or "Y".
-
- While you're entering a password, GL II blanks out what you're
- typing. Once you've finished entering your password, GL II will
- ask you to repeat it, just in case you made a mistake.
-
- A password must be at least four characters long, and may be as
- long as 31 characters.
-
- Once you use LCONFIG, the data file "LCONFIG.DAT" becomes "read-
- only", to prevent password tampering. You won't be able to modify
- it or delete it. If you must delete "LCONFIG.DAT" for some rea-
- son, use the <4> choice at LCONFIG's "CHANGE PASSWORDS" menu.
- "LCONFIG.DAT" will remain unlocked when you leave the configura-
- tion program.
-
- 2.7 Getting Started
-
- Once you've designed your chart of accounts and configured GL II
- to fit your own equipment and way of operating, there are three
- things you still must do before you're ready to begin entering
- vouchers.
-
- First, invoke GL II by typing, "GL". You'll get the Main Menu
- described in Section 3. Below the menu, you'll see a prompt that
- says,
-
- New ending date (mmddyy) or <Enter> for -->_______
-
- This is the "Change Period Ending Date" prompt, described in Sec-
- tion 3.5. When you first start up, the blank after the word,
- "for" indicates that the period ending date is blank. Using the
- instructions in Section 3.5, tell GL II what the ending date of
- your first month will be. This should be the last day of the last
- month you closed out with your old system. GL II won't let you
- continue until you do this.
-
- Second, go to the "Add Accounts" function described in Section 6.1
- and enter all the accounts in your chart of accounts. When you
- finish, print any account lists you feel you need, following the
- instructions in Section 6.3.
-
- Finally, carry out the steps in the following checklist that are
- appropriate for the time of the month you're making your conver-
- sion:
-
- 1. Using the instructions in Section 4.1, enter the final bal-
- ances from all asset, liability, and capital accounts in your
-
-
-
- -21-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- old system, except "Profit and Loss". When you finish doing
- this, the "Difference" figure at the upper right of the Jour-
- nal Screen should be the amount of profit or loss reported at
- the end of your last closing.
-
- 2. If you're starting at the beginning of a new fiscal year, bal-
- ance the "Difference" in this voucher to your Income Summary
- account, post the journal (Section 4.4), print the required
- reports (Section 5.4), and close for the year (Section 7.3).
- At this point, you're ready to begin using GL II for the new
- year.
-
- 3. If you're starting in the middle of a fiscal year, end this
- voucher by automatically balancing the "Difference" to your
- "Voucher Difference" account.
-
- 4. Enter the final balances from all revenue, cost of goods sold,
- and expense accounts. Again, the "Difference" figure should
- be last month's ending profit or loss. Balance this voucher
- to your "Voucher Difference" account.
-
- 5. Post the journal, print the required reports, and close for
- the previous month.
-
- 6. If you're starting at the beginning of a new month, you're now
- ready to begin the new month. If not, enter all the current
- month's transactions, print a journal listing, and make sure
- the totals you get are the ones you should have. If not, go
- back and correct the offending entries until you get the
- correct totals. Once you've achieved that, post the journal
- and you'll be ready to continue for the rest of the month.
-
- 2.8 Learning The System
-
- In the following sections, we'll describe GL II's various programs
- in the order of their most frequent use. You'll see GL II's main
- menu most often, so that's covered first. Your most frequent job
- probably will be making voucher entries, so that's covered second.
- Printing reports comes third; entering and changing accounts comes
- fourth; closing for the month or year comes last.
-
- We recommend you read through the rest of this manual before you
- begin using the system. By doing that, you'll learn where to look
- for the information you need when you need it. If you feel uncer-
- tain about some of GL II's features, or if this is the first time
- you've used a computer, you might want to "play" with GL II for a
- while before you begin using it for your accounting.
-
- After you've followed the steps above and are ready to begin work-
- ing with GL II, make a copy of your data disk. You can "play"
- with the copy all you want without risking any of the information
-
-
-
- -22-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 2 Setting Up
-
-
-
- on the original. Using the copy, make changes in the accounts.
- Enter, edit, and delete some dummy vouchers using the various
- features described in Section 4. Print a journal list. Post the
- journal. Print all of the reports. Close for the month. Go back
- to the configuration program and change the fiscal year ending
- date so that you can try an end of year closing. Try all of
- GL II's features and become comfortable with them before you begin
- working with the "real" accounting system. Just be sure that you
- destroy the reports you make while "playing" so that they don't
- get mixed up with the real thing.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -23-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 3 Starting and Ending
-
-
-
- 3. STARTING AND ENDING -- THE MASTER MENU
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- When you first "boot" your computer system, make sure you enter
- the current date and time. Some of GL II's reports use the date
- and time stored in the system clock to save you the trouble of
- entering the current date and time over and over again. If you
- bypass the date and time entry, these elements will be wrong. One
- good way to make sure the date and time are current is to add a
- "clock-calendar" board to your computer system.
-
- If you're operating a floppy disk system, place your program disk
- in drive "A:", your data disk in drive "B:", and make sure you
- have an "A>" prompt. If you're operating a fixed disk system,
- make sure you've changed to the sub-directory containing
- "LCONFIG.DAT".
-
- Now, type "gl". The disk drives will run for a moment and, unless
- the system has been improperly shut down, you'll see GL II's Main
- Menu.
-
- If there was a shutdown problem, you'll see a message that says,
-
- The system was improperly shut down. Run 'lrecover'.
-
- If you see this message, either bring forward your backup, or run
- LRECOVER as explained in Section 8. GL II won't let you continue
- until you've done one or the other.
-
- If you've used the password feature described in Section 2.6.6,
- GL II will display its Menu and ask for a password. You may enter
- the data entry password, the supervisor's password, or the master
- password.
-
- If you use the data entry password, GL II will allow you to enter
- vouchers, edit vouchers, and list the journal, but won't allow you
- to post the journal or switch to any of the other menus without
- giving the supervisor's password, or the master password.
-
- If you enter the supervisor's password, you'll have access to all
- of GL II's menus and most of its features.
-
- If you intend to close for the month or year, you must enter the
- master password, either now or later.
-
-
-
-
-
- -24-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 3 Starting and Ending
-
-
-
- Five choices are displayed on the screen. Each choice is preceded
- by a number, surrounded by a pair of angle brackets. To select a
- choice, press the associated number key.
-
- 3.1 Journal
-
- If you press <1> from the Main Menu, GL II will take you to the
- part of the program that lets you enter and edit transactions,
- list and post the journal.
-
- A "transaction" is an amount to be posted to a specific account.
- Since GL II is a double-entry accounting system, if an amount is
- to be posted to one account, at least one other amount must be
- posted to a second account in order to balance the entries. Each
- group of balancing transactions is called a "voucher".
-
- The "Journal" is the collection of vouchers to be posted to your
- general ledger accounts.
-
- The Journal program is explained in Section 4.
-
- 3.2 Reports
-
- Pressing <2> will take you to the part of GL II that allows you to
- print reports such as the "Income Statement" and "Balance Sheet".
- The Reports program is explained in Section 5.
-
- 3.3 Accounts
-
- Pressing <3> from the Main Menu will take you to the part of GL II
- that lets you establish new accounts, edit the information on
- existing accounts, and print lists of accounts in numerical or
- alphabetical order. The Accounts program is explained in Section
- 6.
-
- 3.4 Closing Checklist
-
- If you press <4> from the Main Menu, GL II will take you to the
- program that closes your ledger for the month, or, if you've
- reached the end of your business' fiscal year, the year.
-
- There are certain things you must do before GL II will allow you
- to close. The Closing Checklist displays a list of these things,
- and tells you whether or not they've been completed. If they
- have, GL II presents an option that will let you close. The Clos-
- ing Checklist is explained in Section 7.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -25-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 3 Starting and Ending
-
-
-
- 3.5 Change Period Ending Date
-
- If you press <5> from the Master Menu, GL II will allow you to
- enter the date on which your current month ends. You'll have to
- do this when you first begin using the system. After that, each
- time you close, GL II will change the period ending date to the
- last day of the following month. The only time you'll need to
- change period ending date again will be if, for some reason, you
- need to re-do a prior month. That should never happen if you've
- made adequate backups.
-
- 3.6 Quit
-
- To leave GL II, press <Enter> at the Main Menu. It's very impor-
- tant that you always leave the program in this way.
-
- If you're operating a floppy disk system, BE SURE YOU DON'T REMOVE
- THE DISKS FROM THEIR DRIVES UNTIL YOU'VE PRESSED <Enter> FROM THE
- MAIN MENU AND HAVE RECEIVED THE "A>" PROMPT FROM DOS.
-
- If you're operating a fixed disk system, BE SURE YOU DON'T SHUT
- DOWN THE SYSTEM UNTIL YOU'VE PRESSED <Enter> FROM THE MAIN MENU
- AND HAVE RECEIVED THE "C>" PROMPT FROM DOS. (With some fixed-disk
- systems, the prompt may be "D>",or "E>", rather than "C>".)
-
- The reason for this is that GL II uses a system of cross-pointers
- and control information -- data you never see -- to make it easy
- for you to find the information you want when you want it.
- GL II's final job is to put its control information back into a
- disk file so it'll be ready for you to use the next time you want
- it. If you shut down or remove the disks without giving GL II a
- chance to do this, you may lose data from your general ledger. If
- this happens, follow the instructions in Section 8 to recover your
- data.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -26-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4. THE JOURNAL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- GL II's Journal program allows you to enter the transactions that
- record your business' or practice's monthly financial activity.
- When you press <1> at the Main Menu, GL II will take you to the
- "Journal" program, which allows you to enter, edit, list, and post
- the transactions that make up your ledger.
-
- A "transaction" is an amount to be posted to a particular account.
- A "voucher" is two or more transactions which, taken together,
- balance to zero. GL II's "Journal" is a file that holds the
- vouchers you've entered.
-
- Some of the vouchers in the Journal may be "posted". Others may
- not. "Posting" is an action that does two things: First, posting
- adds the amount in each transaction to the account specified for
- it. Second, posting establishes a link between the account and
- the transaction which allows other details of the transaction --
- date, description, etc. -- to be associated with the account when
- you print reports.
-
- GL II allows you to list all un-posted vouchers, and modify them
- as you see fit. Once a voucher has been posted, however, you may
- not change it again. This restriction insures that changes in
- your account balances can be traced through an audit trail.
-
- 4.1 The Journal Screen
-
- When you begin to enter a new voucher, or edit an existing
- voucher, GL II's screen presents the following information:
-
- 4.1.1 Work State
-
- The Journal Screen is always in one of four "states". The
- screen's "state" is identified by the line displayed at top
- center. If you're entering a new voucher, the Journal Screen may
- be in "GENERAL JOURNAL" state, "CHECK REGISTER" state, or "CASH
- JOURNAL" state. If you're editing an existing voucher, the screen
- always will be in "EDIT VOUCHERS" state. The features associated
- with each state, and how you switch between them, are described in
- later paragraphs within this Section.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -27-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.1.2 Voucher Number
-
- The upper left corner of the screen shows the number of the
- voucher being entered, or of the voucher being edited. Voucher
- numbers are generated serially by GL II. The numbers run from 1
- to 999999, then recycle beginning with 1. In order to insure the
- integrity of your "audit trail", GL II makes no provision for the
- operator to change a voucher number or interrupt the voucher
- numbering sequence.
-
- 4.1.3 Date
-
- As you enter vouchers, GL II keeps track of the last date you
- entered. This keeps you from having to re-type the date each time
- you enter a transaction. The date shown in the "Date" field is
- the last date you entered. As soon as you modify the date, or
- enter a new date, the "Date" field in GL II's Journal Screen
- changes to reflect the change.
-
- If you enter a date beyond the current period ending date, GL II
- will say,
-
- Date is beyond period ending date. Continue? (y/n)
-
- If you press any key other than "n" or "N", GL II will continue.
- This feature is included to help you avoid entering data for a new
- month before you've closed the previous month. We've found our-
- selves doing that, and several GL II owners have reported the same
- problem.
-
- 4.1.4 Folio
-
- "Folio" is another term for "Posting Reference". You should enter
- a note of some kind in this field that "points" back to the docu-
- ment or "book of original entry" from which the transactions in
- this voucher were taken. If you're entering a check, for
- instance, the "folio" field should contain the check number.
- "Folio" is an important part of your audit trail.
-
- 4.1.5 Entry
-
- The "Entry Signal" tells whether the amount you enter for the
- current transaction will be recorded as a "DEBIT" or a "CREDIT".
- To reverse the entry, use a minus sign at the beginning of the
- amount you enter. In other words, if the Entry Signal says,
- "CREDIT", and you want to enter a debit of $12.75, type, "-12.75".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -28-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.1.6 Description
-
- The "Description" field contains a 33 character identification
- line describing the purpose or nature of the voucher. In most
- cases -- checks, for instance -- all of the transactions associ-
- ated with a voucher will echo this "Master Description" field.
- Each transaction can be given an independent "description" if
- appropriate, however.
-
- 4.1.7 Difference
-
- As you enter transactions for a new voucher, or edit the transac-
- tions for an existing one, the Journal Screen's "Difference" field
- shows the amount that must be credited or debited to some account
- in order for the voucher to balance. In this field, as in any
- dollar amount field displayed on the screen by GL II, a debit is
- shown without an identifier, and a credit is shown with a "Cr"
- appended to its right end. In other words, a debit of $12.75 is
- displayed as "12.75", but a credit of $12.75 is displayed as
- "12.75 Cr".
-
- 4.1.8 Transaction Window
-
- The fields at the top of the screen contain information that
- applies to the voucher as a whole. Beneath these "master" fields
- is a "window" of up to 14 lines, used to display individual tran-
- sactions associated with the voucher. If a voucher contains more
- than 14 transactions, some of the lines will be out of sight.
- Transaction lines beyond the range of the "window" can be scrolled
- back into sight as explained in Section 4.2.3.2.
-
- 4.1.9 Work Zone
-
- The zone set off between single lines near the bottom of the
- screen is the "work zone", where you will enter or edit each
- transaction's specific information. This zone remains blank
- unless you're entering a new transaction or editing an existing
- one.
-
- 4.1.10 Bulletin Lines
-
- As you enter a new voucher, or edit an existing one, GL II prompts
- you with (sometimes cryptically) brief messages regarding your
- options. These messages, or "bulletins", are displayed at the
- bottom of the screen.
-
- 4.2 Adding Vouchers
-
- When you press <1> at the Journal Menu, GL II will allow you to
- begin entering new vouchers.
-
-
-
-
- -29-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.2.1 Start Voucher
-
- When it first displays the Journal Screen, GL II will be in "GEN-
- ERAL JOURNAL" state. You will have the following choices, indi-
- cated by a bulletin at the bottom of the screen:
-
- 1. If you press the "Escape" key, <Esc>, GL II will take you back
- to the Journal Menu.
-
- 2. If you press <G> or <g>, GL II will shift to "GENERAL JOURNAL"
- state (Section 4.2.1.1) and return to the Start Voucher
- display.
-
- 3. If you press <C> or <c>, GL II will shift to "CHECK REGISTER"
- state, as explained in Section 4.2.1.2, and will return to the
- Start Voucher display.
-
- 4. If you press <J> or <j>, GL II will shift to "CASH JOURNAL"
- state, as explained in Section 4.2.1.3, and will return to the
- Start Voucher display.
-
- 5. If you press <-> or <_>, GL II will "toggle" the "Entry Sig-
- nal". In other words, if "Entry" says, "CREDIT", <-> will
- switch it to "DEBIT". If "Entry" says, "DEBIT", <-> will
- switch it to "CREDIT".
-
- If you enter a date, GL II will go on to the next step in the
- voucher entry sequence. You may enter a date in any one of four
- ways. If the "Date" field is correct, simply press <Enter>, and
- GL II will use the existing date in the new voucher. If you want
- to change just the day, enter a one or a two-digit number. To
- change the month and day, enter four digits in "mmdd" format. In
- other words, to change to November 12th, enter "1112". To change
- to March 6th, enter, "0306". To change the month, day and year,
- enter six digits in "mmddyy" format. To change to March 16th,
- 1987, enter "031687". GL II understands the millennium change,
- and will translate "031603" into "March 16th, 2003".
-
- GL II's "default" state -- the one it's in when you first begin to
- enter new vouchers -- is the "GENERAL JOURNAL" state. "GENERAL
- JOURNAL" state will allow you to enter any kind of voucher,
- including a check or a petty cash voucher. The other two states
- aren't essential, and you needn't learn about them if you don't
- want to. On the other hand, they do speed up entering the kinds
- of vouchers they're designed specifically to handle.
-
- 4.2.1.1 General Journal State
-
- "GENERAL JOURNAL" state provides no special features. When you
- enter it, "Entry" is set to "DEBIT".
-
-
-
-
- -30-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.2.1.2 Check Register State
-
- If you've defined a "Check Register Default Account" in accordance
- with Section 2.6.3.4, when you switch to "CHECK REGISTER" state,
- GL II will simply change its Work State message to "CHECK REGIS-
- TER", and will set "Entry" to "CREDIT".
-
- If you haven't defined a "Check Register Default Account", or if
- you've defined an account GL II can't find, the system will ask
- you for the number of the account you want to use as a checking
- account.
-
- 4.2.1.3 Cash Journal State
-
- If you've entered a "Cash Journal Default Account" (Section
- 2.6.3.5), when you switch to "CASH JOURNAL" state, GL II will
- change its Work State message to "CASH JOURNAL", and its "Entry"
- default to "DEBIT". If GL II can't find a Cash Journal Default
- Account, it will ask you for the number of the account you want to
- use as a petty cash account.
-
- 4.2.2 Folio
-
- Once you've set the Work State you want and have entered a date,
- GL II will ask you for a "Folio" entry. Enter a posting reference
- that's not over 11 characters long. If you're entering a check,
- you'll want to put the check number in this field. If you're
- entering a petty cash voucher, you'll want to use the number of
- the voucher. If you're copying an entry from a page in a general
- journal book, you'll probably want to use an abbreviation, such as
- "J" for the name of the source book, followed by the page number.
-
- If you're in "CHECK REGISTER" state, and your last entry was a
- check, GL II will increment the check number by one, display the
- new number in the "Folio" field, and ask whether or not the new
- number is "o.k.". If it is, simply press <Y>, or <y>, or <Enter>.
- If not, press <N> or <n>, and GL II will allow you to enter a new
- posting reference.
-
- If you're in "CASH JOURNAL" state, and you've already entered a
- posting reference, GL II will re-display the entry and ask if it's
- "o.k.". Pressing <Y>, <y>, or <Enter> will take you on to the
- next entry step.
-
- No matter which Work State you're in, if you press <Esc> at the
- "Folio" entry prompt, GL II will let you abandon the voucher.
-
-
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- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.2.3 Account Number Entry Level
-
- Once you've completed the "Folio" entry, GL II will ask you for an
- account number. It also will give you an opportunity to carry out
- several alternative operations.
-
- 4.2.3.1 Finding an Account
-
- If you want to continue entering a transaction, and if you know
- the number of the account you want to use, enter the number.
-
- If GL II can't find the account number you entered, or if you
- press the <F1> key instead of entering a number, GL II will go
- into Account Search Mode. In this mode, GL II will search for an
- account number if you enter only digits, or will search for an
- account name, or a partial account name if you enter alphabetic
- characters.
-
- The alphabetic search is based on whatever part of a name you
- enter, and is not case sensitive. If you enter, "M" or "m", GL II
- will find the first account whose name begins with "m".
-
- If you enter a number, GL II will go to numeric search mode. If
- you enter a name or part of a name, GL II will go to alphabetic
- search mode. The arrow keys will move you "up" or "down" through
- the accounts numerically or alphabetically, depending on which
- search mode you're in. If you're in alphabetic mode and want to
- switch to numeric mode, enter any number. If you're in numeric
- mode and want to switch to alphabetic, enter any letter or
- sequence of letters.
-
- If you use the down arrow key to move past the last account, GL II
- will "roll around" and display the first account. If you move
- backwards past the first account, GL II will display the last.
-
- Since you may not post a transaction to a master account, only
- detail accounts will appear during a search.
-
- If you decide to stop looking for an account, press <Esc>. If you
- find the account you're looking for, press <Enter>.
-
- If you're in "CHECK REGISTER" entry state, and this is the first
- transaction in a new voucher, GL II won't ask for an account
- number. Instead, it will find and load the account number for the
- "Check Register Default Account", or the account number you
- entered when you switched into "CHECK REGISTER" state.
-
- Once you've accepted an account, GL II will display its number and
- the first 27 characters of its name on the Work Line, and will go
- on to the next step in the entry sequence.
-
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- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.2.3.2 Editing a Transaction
-
- Pressing <F2> at the Account Number Entry level will allow you to
- edit a transaction.
-
- As soon as you press <F2>, the cursor will jump to the beginning
- of the last transaction line you entered. If this is the one you
- want to edit, press <E> or <e>. If not, use the arrow keys to
- move up or down the transaction lines in the Transaction Window.
- If you've entered more than 14 transactions, attempting to move
- the cursor beyond the Transaction Window will cause the window to
- scroll either up or down.
-
- If the cursor is on a transaction you want to delete, press <D> or
- <d>. GL II will ask if you really mean it, just in case you made
- a mistake. If you answer the question with <Y> or <y>, GL II will
- delete the transaction without further ado.
-
- Once you've selected a transaction to edit, GL II will allow you
- to change the transaction's account number, description, or
- amount.
-
- 4.2.3.3 Editing Header Information
-
- If you press <F3> at the Account Number Entry Level, GL II will
- allow you to change the voucher's date, folio reference, and
- description.
-
- If you change the date or folio reference, GL II automatically
- will make the change throughout the transactions in the voucher.
-
- If you change the description, GL II will ask if you want to make
- the change throughout the voucher. If you elect not to change all
- transactions, the new description will be used in each new tran-
- saction, beginning with the next one, but none of the previous
- transactions will be affected.
-
- 4.2.3.4 Changing The Entry Signal
-
- To change the Entry Signal from "CREDIT" to "DEBIT" or vice-versa,
- press <-> at Account Number Entry Level.
-
- 4.2.3.5 Canceling a Voucher
-
- If you've made a mistake that you feel is serious enough to war-
- rant starting the whole voucher over, press <Esc> at Account
- Number Entry Level. GL II will ask if you really want to delete
- the whole voucher. Be sure you really want to delete the voucher
- before you press <Y> or <y>. As soon as you press the key, all
- entries in the voucher will be removed, and you'll be back at the
- Start Voucher display, ready to begin re-entering everything,
-
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- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- including date and folio reference.
-
- 4.2.3.6 Completing the Voucher
-
- Once you've entered all the transactions that belong in your
- voucher, press <Enter> at Account Number Entry Level. If the
- voucher balances at that point, GL II will transfer the voucher
- information to a disk file and return to the Start Voucher display
- so that you can begin your next voucher.
-
- If the voucher doesn't balance, one of three things will happen:
-
- 1. If you've selected a balancing entry (Section 4.2.5), GL II
- will move the voucher's "Difference" to the balancing entry
- and will ask if you want to finish the voucher by balancing to
- that account.
-
- 2. If you haven't selected a balancing entry, GL II will enter
- your Voucher Difference Default Account automatically, as a
- balancing entry, and will ask if you want to finish the
- voucher by balancing to that account.
-
- 3. If you haven't selected a balancing entry and GL II can't find
- a Voucher Difference Default Account, GL II will beep, say,
-
- "** Voucher is not in balance **",
-
- and wait for your next move. At this point, you'll have to
- look through your list of accounts for something to use for
- this voucher's temporary balance. GL II isn't going to let
- you finish the voucher until it balances.
-
- 4.2.4 Transaction Description
-
- As soon as you've selected an account, GL II will do one of two
- things:
-
- If there's a description already in the "Description" header (Sec-
- tion 4.1.6), GL II will echo up to 27 characters of that descrip-
- tion in the Work Zone description field.
-
- If you haven't yet entered a description, GL II will ask for one.
- As soon as you enter the description, GL II will move it to the
- "Description" header, and echo the first 27 characters in the Work
- Zone description field.
-
- If you've gotten this far by mistake, and want to wipe out the
- voucher and start over, press <Esc>.
-
-
-
-
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- -34-
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-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.2.5 Transaction Amount
-
- Enter the amount of the transaction. The amount you enter will be
- recorded as a debit or a credit according to the setting in the
- "Entry Signal". If the Entry Signal says, "DEBIT", and you want
- to enter a credit, enter the amount preceded by a minus sign. If
- you want to enter a debit, and the Entry Signal says, "CREDIT",
- precede the amount with a minus sign. Notice that when you enter
- an amount, the "Difference" field in the upper right corner of the
- screen changes to reflect the new difference in the overall
- voucher balance.
-
- GL II doesn't care whether or not you use commas with large
- numbers. It will accept either "9,365,998.35" or "9365998.35" as
- a valid amount.
-
- GL II incorporates a feature which allows you to identify any one
- of the transactions in a voucher as the "balancing entry". A
- "balancing entry" is the transaction to which any "Difference"
- remaining after all other transactions have been entered, will be
- balanced, automatically.
-
- If you want this particular transaction line to be the balancing
- entry, press <Enter>. GL II will reflect a zero amount for the
- transaction, and will display an asterisk ahead of the line in the
- Transaction Window.
-
- If you try to make a transaction the balancing entry, after you've
- already selected a balancing entry, GL II will beep at you, and
- say,
-
- "*** Balancing entry already selected ***".
-
- 4.2.6 Cash Journal Automatic Balancing
-
- If you're in "CASH JOURNAL" state, as soon as you complete a
- voucher's first transaction, GL II automatically will create a
- transaction line using the "Cash Journal Default Account" (Section
- 2.6.3.5) and will ask if you want to balance to that account.
- This allows you to enter a series of petty cash transactions to
- various accounts, and create a printed Cash Journal in the petty
- cash account, on the Transaction Report (Section 5.1).
-
- 4.3 Entering a Voucher -- A Summary
-
- To enter a voucher:
-
- 1. Enter a date (Section 4.2.1).
-
- 2. Enter a folio reference (Section 4.2.2).
-
-
-
-
- -35-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 3. Select an account (Section 4.2.3).
-
- 4. Enter a description (Section 4.2.4).
-
- 5. Enter an amount (Section 4.2.5).
-
- 6. Repeat until all transactions have been entered:
-
- a. Select an account (Section 4.2.3).
-
- b. Enter an amount (Section 4.2.5).
-
- 7. Balance the voucher (Section 4.2.3.6).
-
- 4.4 Editing Vouchers
-
- When you press <2> at the Journal Menu, GL II will display almost
- exactly the same screen you saw when you were entering vouchers.
- The "State" shown at the top of the screen, however, will be "EDIT
- VOUCHERS", and the number of the last voucher entered will show in
- the "Voucher Number" field.
-
- GL II will ask you for a voucher number. To use the Edit feature
- effectively, you need to have listed the Journal (Section 4.5), so
- that you have specific voucher numbers to refer to.
-
- GL II won't let you edit a voucher that's been posted. If you
- enter a number that's not within the range of currently entered,
- but not posted, vouchers, GL II will beep and say,
-
- "*** Voucher number out of range ***".
-
- Once you've selected a valid voucher number, GL II will load all
- the voucher's transactions, and will restore the screen informa-
- tion for that voucher, exactly as it was before you balanced it
- and saved it. If you've used the automatic balancing feature,
- GL II will pull the amount out of the balancing transaction, and
- will display it again as a "Difference".
-
- At this point, you may do anything you could do when you were
- creating the voucher. You may add new transaction lines, delete
- or edit existing transaction lines, change the date or folio
- reference throughout the voucher, and change any or all of the
- descriptions in the voucher's transactions.
-
- 4.5 Listing the Journal
-
- Once you've posted the Journal, you may not change what's already
- been entered into your General Ledger, although you may modify
- what's there with reversing entries. To catch and correct mis-
- takes before you've posted the vouchers in your Journal, it's
-
-
-
- -36-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- necessary to list the Journal.
-
- To do this, press <3> at the Journal Menu. GL II will ask you if
- you want a "<F>ull Listing", "<T>otals Only", or information on a
- <S>ingle Account.
-
- 4.5.1 Full Journal Listing
-
- A Full Journal Listing prints each voucher in order, showing
- voucher number, folio, and date, followed by each transaction,
- showing account number, account name, description, and amount --
- in Debit (left) and Credit (right) columns.
-
- Once it prints all the detailed information on un-posted vouchers
- in the Journal, GL II prints a Totals Page which lists prior bal-
- ance, net change, and ending balance for each account that has
- been affected by the period's journal entries. Note that the
- Totals Page shows the effect of all transactions in the Journal --
- not just the un-posted ones.
-
- 4.5.2 Journal Totals Only
-
- If you balance your checkbook manually as you go along, you may
- find that the journal total listed for your checking account isn't
- the same as the one you calculated manually. By checking back in
- the Full Journal Listing, or by printing a Single Account Listing
- (Section 4.5.3), you may find the error and correct it. If you
- want to make sure the new total is correct, without having to pump
- out all the paper involved in a Full Journal Listing, select the
- Totals Only option. GL II will bypass the details and give you
- just the Totals Page.
-
- 4.5.3 Single Account Listing
-
- If you're having trouble finding an error in the totals on a Jour-
- nal Listing, it probably will help to list the journal entries for
- just a single account.
-
- To do this, press <S> when you get the Journal Listing bulletin.
- GL II will let you enter an account number, or search for an
- account by number, by name, or with the arrow keys.
-
- Once you've selected an account, if the account has transactions
- in the un-posted part of the journal, they'll be printed. Each
- line on the report shows voucher number, folio, date, description,
- and amount. At the end of the report, GL II prints the net change
- represented by the transactions.
-
-
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-
- Section 4 Journal
-
-
-
- 4.6 Posting the Journal
-
- Before the transactions associated with your vouchers can show up
- in GL II's financial reports, you must post the Journal. Posting
- adds the amounts in the various transactions to the appropriate
- account balances, and links the transactions to the accounts so
- that the Transaction Report can show them in their proper places.
- Posting also computes the Profit and Loss amount that will show up
- in your Balance Sheet.
-
- To post the journal, press <4> from the Journal Menu. If the
- Supervisor's Password has been activated (Section 2.6.6), and if
- you haven't given GL II the Supervisor's Password, GL II will ask
- you for it.
-
- Once GL II is satisfied that you're authorized to post the Jour-
- nal, it will say "Press <Enter> when printer is ready or <Q>uit".
- Make sure the printer is connected to the computer, is turned on,
- and has sufficient paper in it. Then press <Enter>. GL II will
- post the Journal and will produce a Posting Report almost identi-
- cal to the Full Journal Listing described in Section 4.5.1.
-
- WARNING: SOME PRINTERS ARE CONNECTED TO THE COMPUTER IN SUCH A WAY
- THAT THE COMPUTER CAN'T SENSE WHEN THE PRINTER IS ON LINE. IF
- YOUR PRINTER IS CONFIGURED THIS WAY, YOUR COMPUTER MAY GO AHEAD
- AND POST THE JOURNAL WITHOUT PRINTING A POSTING REPORT. TO
- PREVENT THIS, MAKE SURE THE PRINTER IS CONNECTED AND TURNED ON
- BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO POST THE JOURNAL.
-
- You may post the journal as often as you want to. Each time you
- post, the Posting Report will begin with the page number after the
- one used on the last page of the last posting. When you finish
- the month, all your postings should go together as a single, con-
- secutively numbered report. Missing pages indicate a problem, as
- do missing voucher numbers.
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
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-
-
-
-
- Section 5 Reports
-
-
-
- 5. REPORTS
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- GL II's reports section allows you to print standard financial
- statements. To get to the reports section, press <2> at the Main
- Menu.
-
- If you've activated passwords (Section 2.6.6), and have entered
- the system with the Data Entry Password, GL II will require you to
- enter either the Supervisor's Password or the Master Password
- before it will give you the Reports Menu.
-
- If the Journal hasn't been posted, GL II will beep at you, say,
-
- "*** Journal is not posted ***",
-
- and refuse to let you into the Reports program.
-
- In order to insure a proper audit trail, GL II insists that you
- print at least one complete Transaction Report, Income Statement,
- and Balance Sheet before it will let you close for the month. The
- other reports available through the reports section are optional.
-
- 5.1 Transaction Report
-
- The Transaction Report is equivalent to the account sheets in a
- manual ledger. The main difference is that GL II's transaction
- report collects the transactions for each account, month by month,
- while a manual ledger page continues entries for a given account
- month after month until the page is full.
-
- To print a Transaction Report, press <1> at the Reports Menu.
- GL II will ask how many copies you want. To continue, make sure
- the printer is connected, and press a digit key -- 1 through 9.
- If you decide not to print the report after all, press <Enter>.
-
- GL II displays the message, "Press <S> once to stop printing". If
- you press <S> or <s>, GL II will beep, say,
-
- "*** Interrupt Acknowledged ***",
-
- and quit printing as soon as it can. If you stop printing in the
- middle of a report, you won't be able to pick up again where you
- left off. You'll have to start over again.
-
-
-
-
-
- -39-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 5 Reports
-
-
-
- The Transaction Report is segmented by the category headings you
- defined with "LCONFIG" (Section 2.6.2).
-
- Only detail accounts figure in the Transaction Report, since these
- are the only accounts to which you may post a transaction.
-
- Each account entry begins with a line that contains the account
- number, account name, prior balance, net change, and current bal-
- ance. The account line begins at the extreme left of the paper,
- and is set off with surrounding single lines across the page.
-
- After the account line, GL II prints all transactions during this
- period that affected the account. Each transaction line includes
- voucher number, folio, date, description, and amount.
-
- Transaction lines show debits and credits by left or right posi-
- tion in the amount columns. Account lines show debits as plain
- numbers, and credits as numbers with "Cr" appended to the right
- end.
-
- 5.2 Income Statement
-
- The Income Statement is a Profit and Loss report. Only revenue,
- cost of goods sold, and expense accounts figure in this report.
-
- To print an Income Statement, press <2> at the Reports Menu. The
- mechanics of printing the report are the same as for the Transac-
- tion Report. If you start to print and then change your mind, you
- may stop printing by pressing <S>.
-
- Each account is printed, even if it has no balance. Subordinate
- accounts (Section 2.1.5) are grouped with their master accounts.
- For each account, the Income Statement shows a balance at the end
- of the previous month, a net change for the current month, and the
- total for year to date. The totals in master accounts are the
- grand totals of all their subordinate accounts.
-
- Each of these figures is followed by a percentage that relates the
- figure to total revenue.
-
- The Income Statement is segmented by the category headings you
- defined with "LCONFIG" (Section 2.6.2). GL II totals the amount
- in each category, at the end of the category.
-
- At the end of the Income Statement, GL II prints a "Total Revenue"
- amount. If you're using Cost of Goods Sold accounts, GL II fol-
- lows "Total Revenue" with "Cost of Goods Sold", and "Gross Pro-
- fit", which is Total Revenue minus Cost of Goods Sold. Finally,
- GL II prints "Total Expenses" and "Net Profit".
-
-
-
-
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- -40-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 5 Reports
-
-
-
- GL II knows which sections of the Income Statement contain credit
- accounts, and which contain debit accounts. Amounts in the vari-
- ous accounts normally are shown as simple numbers, without debit
- or credit indicators. If a debit is reflected in a credit
- account, or a credit is reflected in a debit account, however, the
- Income Statement will print the amount inside parentheses. In
- other words, a credit of $5.12 in an expense account will be
- printed as "(5.12)". This same convention is used in the grand
- totals. A net loss of $583.23 would be printed as, "Net Profit:
- (583.23)".
-
- 5.3 Balance Sheet
-
- GL II's Balance Sheet is segmented by the asset, liability and
- capital categories you established with "LCONFIG" (Section 2.1.4).
- Totals, however, are for category types. For example, if you have
- three asset categories, GL II will print the category heading for
- each, followed by account information for each account within that
- category. When all three categories have been printed, GL II will
- print a "Total Assets" figure.
-
- Each Balance Sheet account line shows the account number, account
- name, and a dollar figure in Debit (left) or Credit (right) column
- format. Subordinate accounts are grouped with their master
- accounts.
-
- The total for each category type, "Total Assets", "Total Liabili-
- ties", "Total Capital", and for the balancing summary, "Total
- Assets and Capital", is printed without reference to whether it is
- a debit or a credit.
-
- 5.4 End of Month Reports
-
- To avoid waiting around to push buttons so that your computer can
- print its next mandatory end of month report, GL II provides an
- "End of Month Reports" feature that lets you print from one to
- nine copies of the Transaction Report, Income Summary, and Balance
- Sheet, with a single command. To print all reports, press <4> at
- the Reports Menu. GL II will ask how many copies you want, and
- will proceed to print that number of copies of each report in
- turn. If you made a mistake and want to quit printing, press <S>
- just once.
-
- 5.5 Single Account Summary
-
- GL II's Single Account Summary does, for a single account, what
- the Transaction Report does for all accounts. To use the feature,
- press <5> at the Reports Menu, tell GL II which account you want
- to summarize, then indicate how many copies you want to print.
-
-
-
-
-
- -41-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 5 Reports
-
-
-
- The format of the Single Account Summary is identical to the for-
- mat used for the Transaction Report.
-
- 5.6 Trial Balance
-
- The Trial Balance is a combination of the Balance Sheet and Income
- Summary. The Balance Sheet prints asset, liability, and capital
- accounts. The Income Summary prints revenue, cost of goods sold,
- and expense accounts. The Trial Balance prints all accounts.
-
- Each account line in the Trial Balance shows account number,
- account name, and account balances for "Year to Date" and "This
- Month". Balances are in debit (left), credit (right) column for-
- mat.
-
- The Trial Balance totals all balances as it goes. Since GL II
- won't let you enter an unbalanced voucher, the only way your
- accounting system can get out of balance is if a power surge,
- static electricity, or some other machine anomaly damages GL II's
- data. When you print a Trial Balance, check the "Balance" figures
- at the end of the report. If they aren't both zero, something has
- gone seriously wrong. Data recovery, described in Section 8, will
- correct an imbalance.
-
- 5.7 Department Reports
-
- If you've used departmentalization in your accounting system, and
- want a Transaction Report, Income Statement, or Balance Sheet for
- a single department, or series of departments, press <7> at the
- Reports Menu. GL II will ask you for the number of the department
- you want, and will take you to a new menu with four numbered
- choices.
-
- If you've departmentalized, each department will be represented by
- a one or two digit number after the decimal point in account
- numbers, and each segment of your accounting system will have a
- similar account for each department. When GL II asks you for the
- department number, enter an integer rather than a decimal point
- followed by an integer. In other words, if you want a report on
- all accounts that end in ".8", answer the "[Department Number]"
- question with "8", not ".8".
-
- A department Transaction Report, Income Summary, or Balance Sheet
- is identical to the corresponding "all accounts" version of the
- report, except that it will deal only with the accounts in your
- chart of accounts that end in the department number you requested.
-
- To change to a different department from the Department Reports
- Menu, press <4>. GL II will ask you for the new department number
- you want to work with.
-
-
-
-
- -42-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 6 Accounts
-
-
-
- 6. ACCOUNTS
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- When you press <3> at the Main Menu, GL II takes you to the menu
- that allows you to enter new accounts and delete or edit existing
- ones.
-
- Before you begin to enter accounts for the first time, you should
- have designed your "Chart of Accounts", as discussed in Section
- 2.1.
-
- 6.1 Adding New Accounts
-
- When you press <1> at the Accounts Menu, GL II displays a screen
- with account information captions at the top, and the numbers and
- names of the first sixteen categories you defined with "LCONFIG"
- (Section 2.6.2) at the bottom.
-
- 6.1.1 Account Number
-
- GL II's account numbers consist of a four-digit base number, fol-
- lowed by an optional decimal point, followed by a one or two-digit
- detail or department number. "1000" is a valid number, as is
- "1000.2" or "1035.28". "235" isn't a valid number because it's
- only three digits long. "103.2" isn't valid, because its base
- number is less than four digits. "1032.835" isn't valid because
- its detail number is more than two digits long.
-
- Begin entering a new account by typing the account number at the
- "Number" prompt.
-
- If the number you entered duplicates an existing account number,
- GL II will warn you and return to the "Number" prompt.
-
- If the number you entered contains a decimal place, followed by a
- one or two digit integer, GL II will check to see if it can find
- the "master account" for this "subordinate account".
-
- For the number to be acceptable, GL II must be able to find an
- account with the identical base number, and no subordinate account
- extension. In addition, the account must have been designated a
- "master" account (Section 6.2). If GL II can't find a "master" or
- "parent" account that meets these specifications, it will beep,
- say,
-
- *** Can't find master for this account ***
-
-
-
- -43-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 6 Accounts
-
-
-
- and return to the "Number" prompt.
-
- 6.1.2 Account Name
-
- Once you've entered a valid account number, GL II will ask you for
- an account name. You must enter a name. If you decide to start
- over at this point, press <Enter>.
-
- If you've entered a new account with a four-digit number, GL II
- will go on to the "Category" question. If you've entered a subor-
- dinate account, as soon as you finish typing the name, GL II will
- display the account's number, name, category, type, and the number
- and name of its "Parent Account". The category assigned by GL II
- will be the category
-
- GL II also will turn on selection numbers next to the "Number" and
- "Name" captions. At this point you may change the account number
- or the name, or delete the account. If you change the account
- number, the new number must have the same base number you started
- with.
-
- If you want to delete the account and start over, press <D> or
- <d>. GL II will ask if you really mean it. If you answer <Y> or
- <y>, GL II will delete the entry and go back to the "Number"
- prompt. To accept the new account, press <Enter>.
-
- After you've entered an account name, GL II will ask for a
- category. Enter the number of the category this account belongs
- in. If you've defined more than sixteen categories (Section
- 2.6.2), and if the category you want isn't visible at the bottom
- of the screen, press <S> or <s>. GL II will re-draw the bottom of
- the screen to show the sixteen categories that weren't visible.
-
- Account categories must remain in sequence. If you have an
- account number 1000 that's an asset account, and an account number
- 2000 that's a liability account, account number 1023 can't be a
- revenue account, and account number 2010 can't be an asset
- account. If you try to assign an out-of-sequence category to an
- account, GL II will beep, say,
-
- *** Category is out of sequence ***
-
- and wait for your next move.
-
- Likewise, if you enter a category number that's less than one or
- more than 32, GL II will say,
-
- *** Invalid category ***
-
- If you try to assign a category you haven't defined, GL II will
- say,
-
-
-
- -44-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 6 Accounts
-
-
-
- *** Category Not Defined ***
-
- 6.1.3 Account Type
-
- As soon as you've entered a valid category, GL II will display the
- name of the category you've selected, will place the word,
- "Detail" next to the "Type" caption, and will turn on selection
- numbers next to the "Number", "Name", "Category" and "Type" cap-
- tions.
-
- At this point you may press <1> to change the account number, <2>
- to change the name, <3> to change the category, and <4> to toggle
- the account "Type" back and forth between "Detail" and "MASTER".
-
- By default, your new account is a "detail" account that will
- accept transactions posted to it. If you intend to use the
- account as a "master" account which will summarize the totals of
- transactions posted to subordinates, press <4> and toggle the
- account to "MASTER" type.
-
- At this point you may use <D> or <d> to delete the account and
- start over, or <Enter> to accept the new account.
-
- 6.2 Editing Accounts
-
- If you press <2> from GL II's Accounts Menu, you'll get a display
- almost identical to the one used to enter new accounts. This
- time, however, an account will be displayed at the top of the
- screen, and you'll be able to search for the account you want to
- edit by entering a number or a name, or using the arrow keys to
- move up and down through the account sequence -- either numeri-
- cally or alphabetically. The search options are the same as they
- are when you select an account at the Journal's "Account Number
- Entry Level" (Section 4.2.3.1).
-
- When you find the account you want to edit, press the <F1> key.
- If you're allowed to edit the account, GL II will turn on selec-
- tion numbers next to the elements you ordinarily may edit.
-
- There are many restrictions on what changes you may make in your
- accounts. Generally speaking, if the Journal has been posted, and
- if an account has no balance and no transactions associated with
- it, you may delete the account, or edit any of the elements with
- selection numbers.
-
- If the Journal is not posted, or if the account has a balance, or
- associated transactions, or if the account is a Master with one or
- more subordinate accounts, you won't be able to delete it or
- change its number.
-
-
-
-
-
- -45-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 6 Accounts
-
-
-
- In virtually all instances, you may change an account's name.
-
- Note that the account's balances for "This Month" and "Year to
- Date" are displayed in the top part of the screen. Debits are
- shown as numbers with no notation. Credits are shown as numbers
- followed by "Cr". You may not change these amounts directly. To
- change them, you must enter transactions through the Journal pro-
- gram.
-
- 6.3 Listing Accounts
-
- If you press <3> at the Account Menu, GL II will display a new
- menu with six selections on it. Two of them are for listing "all
- accounts", two are for listing "detail accounts" only, and two are
- for listing "department accounts".
-
- 6.3.1 All Account Listings
-
- You may print a list of all accounts either in numeric or alpha-
- betic sequence. In both cases, the lists are columnized on the
- page. When you call for an account listing, your computer may
- take a moment or two to format the columns before it begins to
- print.
-
- If you call for a numeric listing, GL II will use the categories
- you've defined (Section 2.6.2), as headings. The numeric listing
- also groups subordinate accounts with their parent accounts.
-
- In both listings, master accounts are identified with the symbol,
- "<M>".
-
- 6.3.2 Detail Account Listings
-
- "All account" listings include accounts that won't accept transac-
- tions. If you want to print a list of just those accounts that
- can accept transactions, select a numeric or alphabetic detail
- account listing.
-
- 6.3.3 Department Account Listings
-
- If you've used departmentalization in your accounting structure,
- GL II will allow you to print numeric or alphabetic account lists
- for individual departments. Department selection is similar to
- the department selection described in Section 5.7.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -46-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 7 Closing
-
-
-
- 7. CLOSING
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Closing is the process that clears all information in GL II's
- Journal back to "year to date" balances in the accounts, and then
- deletes the Journal. When closing is complete, GL II is ready for
- a new month, or a new year.
-
- If you've used the password protection feature (Section 2.6.6),
- you must use the Master Password to enter the Closing portion of
- GL II. If you entered the Master Password when you started, GL II
- will switch you to the "Closing Checklist" when you press <4> at
- the Master Menu. If you entered the Data Entry Password or
- Supervisor's Password, GL II will ask for the Master Password
- before it will allow you to proceed.
-
- 7.1 Closing Checklist
-
- When you enter its "Closing Checklist" portion, GL II will list
- four actions that must be taken before you may close. The status
- of each action is indicated by "YES" or "NO".
-
- If the Journal hasn't been posted, you may post it by pressing
- <1>.
-
- If any of the required reports hasn't been printed, you may print
- a single copy of the report by pressing the appropriate number.
- Be sure the printer is connected and turned on before you do this,
- because GL II begins printing as soon as you press one of the
- report numbers.
-
- Once all four necessary actions have been carried out, GL II will
- present a fifth selection number that will let you close.
-
- 7.2 Closing
-
- When you press <5> at the Closing Checklist, GL II reminds you
- that you should back up your data before you close, and gives you
- a chance to change your mind.
-
- WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU BACK UP YOUR GL II DATA FILES TO A
- FLOPPY DISK AND PUT THE DISK AWAY FOR SAFEKEEPING BEFORE YOU CLOSE
- FOR A PERIOD.
-
- There are two reasons for this. First, since there are so many
- things to be done during the process, closing can take several
-
-
-
- -47-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 7 Closing
-
-
-
- minutes. If anything, such as a power failure, interrupts the
- closing process, your data will be corrupted. Second, if you want
- to be able to print financial reports from earlier periods, you
- MUST save a copy of your data, as it was at the end of the period
- of interest.
-
- To proceed, answer GL II's "ARE YOU SURE YOU WANT TO CLOSE NOW
- (y/n)" question with <Y> or <y>. If you've reached the end of
- your fiscal year (as defined in Section 2.6.3.1), GL II will
- notify you that it's ready to close for the year, and ask if you
- want to continue. Again, you'll have a chance to change your
- mind.
-
- Monthly closing adds the "This Month" total in each account to the
- "Year to Date" total, then zeroes the "This Month" total.
-
- Yearly closing carries out the monthly closing process on each
- asset, liability, and capital account, then zeroes both the "This
- Month" and "Year to Date" totals in each revenue, cost of goods
- sold, and expense account. As it goes, GL II adds up the balances
- it found in each of these "income statement accounts", and adds
- the total to the "Income Summary" account (Section 2.1.2.3).
-
- After closing the accounts, GL II deletes the "VOUCHER.DAT" and
- "JOURNAL.DAT" files and re-starts them.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -48-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 8 Data Recovery
-
-
-
- 8. ERROR MESSAGES AND DATA RECOVERY
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- GL II is extremely resistant to data loss. It's very unlikely
- you'll lose data from your system unless you mix data disks from
- different sets, or experience a power loss while you're actively
- entering data. Even if one of these things happens to you, it's
- still likely you'll be able to recover nearly everything with
- GL II's "LRECOVER" program.
-
- 8.1 Error Messages and Error Diagnosis
-
- GL II contains two kinds of error messages: those dealing with
- failures in the system, and those dealing with corruption of your
- data.
-
- 8.1.1 System Errors
-
- System errors fall into two categories. The first kind of error
- usually occurs while GL II is being set up, and involves system
- limits that haven't yet been defaulted properly.
-
- 8.1.1.1 Not Enough Memory
-
- GL II begins its run by asking the operating system for enough
- memory to store its records and key files. If your computer
- hasn't enough memory, or if you've committed too much memory to
- "resident" programs or "ramdisks", GL II will say,
-
- Not enough memory to complete
-
- If this happens, you'll have to add memory to your system or
- reduce the amount of memory you've committed to other uses.
-
- 8.1.1.2 Couldn't Open ...
-
- If you get a message saying GL II couldn't open one of its files,
- check the following list of possible errors:
-
- If GL II couldn't open "LCONFIG.DAT", the file isn't in the
- default directory. Check to see what directory you're in.
- Chances are it isn't the directory you thought you were in.
-
- If GL II couldn't open a data file other than "LCONFIG.DAT",
- chances are, the "path" defaults discussed in Section 2.6.5 aren't
- pointing to the proper disk or directory. Find out where the data
-
-
-
- -49-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 8 Data Recovery
-
-
-
- file is that GL II couldn't open and re-set the "path" default.
-
- If you're trying to configure GL II, using "LCONFIG", and you get
- a message saying, "Couldn't open LCONTROL.DAT", you've probably
- moved "LCONTROL.DAT" to a new disk or directory before telling
- GL II where you were moving it (Section 2.6.5). Check the path-
- name in the "Couldn't open" message, and move "LCONTROL.DAT" to
- where GL II thinks it is.
-
- 8.1.1.3 Couldn't Read ... or Couldn't Write ...
-
- If you get a message saying that GL II couldn't read or couldn't
- write a particular record, either something has gone wrong with
- your computer system, or the disk you're working with has
- developed a mechanical or magnetic flaw. Try again. The problem
- may have been transient.
-
- If you try again and things work properly, make a backup immedi-
- ately, and plan to switch to a different disk as soon as possible.
- The problem may have been a floppy disk that's developing a mag-
- netic "weak spot"
-
- If you try again and things don't work properly, data recovery,
- discussed below, may still solve the problem. If so, make a
- backup and switch to another disk after you've gotten your data
- back.
-
- 8.1.2 Data Errors
-
- GL II continuously checks to make sure your information hasn't
- become corrupted in such a way that further work will destroy good
- data. If something's wrong, you'll probably get a message telling
- you you've lost data.
-
- 8.2 Recovering Lost Data
-
- If you experience signs of lost data, leave your GL II disks con-
- figured as they normally are, turn on your printer, and type,
- "lrecover". GL II's "LRECOVER.EXE" program will begin running and
- will give you a series of messages and rows of dots on the screen.
- The messages and dots are to let you know that LRECOVER is still
- running, and to allow someone familiar with GL II's design to
- diagnose any problems that might arise with the recovery program
- itself.
-
- If LRECOVER encounters an error, it will send a message to the
- printer, informing you of the kind of error, and the action the
- program is taking to correct it. These printer messages are "buf-
- fered" during LRECOVER's run. Unless there are a lot of them,
- chances are that the printer won't begin running until LRECOVER
- finishes.
-
-
-
- -50-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Section 8 Data Recovery
-
-
-
- If LRECOVER finds transactions that aren't associated with a
- voucher, it will create a new voucher and assign the transactions
- to that voucher. Once you've posted the new journal entries
- created by LRECOVER, you'll be able to print a transaction report
- that contains the recovered transactions. If you've been faithful
- about making "folio" entries, chances are you'll be able to track
- down the origin of the "lost" transactions.
-
- If LRECOVER finds transactions that aren't associated with a
- currently valid account, it will assign them to the Voucher
- Difference account. Again, a check of the transaction report
- probably will tell you who the "lost" transactions really belong
- to.
-
- Finally, if LRECOVER finds an overall imbalance in the general
- ledger, it will create a single transaction, associate it with the
- next voucher, and put the result in the journal.
-
- If the printer prints error messages during LRECOVER's run, post
- the journal immediately after the run is over. If you edit the
- voucher(s) created by LRECOVER, you'll almost certainly throw
- everything out of balance again, requiring another recovery run to
- correct the new problems.
-
- 8.3 Backups
-
- The fact that GL II has an "LRECOVER" program shouldn't keep you
- from making backups. LRECOVER can't recover data from a disk
- that's been mechanically or magnetically damaged. If you use a
- ball point pen on your disk labels, or if you have a lot of static
- electricity in your office, it's almost a sure thing that the day
- will come when LRECOVER can't recover your data. On that day,
- your backup procedures will pay off in a big way.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -51-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- INDEX
-
-
- Account categories, 9, 44
- Account,
- name, 44
- number, 43
- type, 45
- Accounts,
- detail, 10
- editing, 45
- listing, 46
- Alphabetic search, 32
- Arrow keys, 32
- Asset accounts, 7
- Asterisk on transaction line, 35
- Automatic balancing, 34
- Balance forward, 4
- Balance sheet accounts, 6
- Balance sheet, 41
- Balancing entry, 35
- Balancing, automatic, 34
- Canceling a voucher, 33
- Capital accounts, 7
- Cash journal entry state, 31
- Categories, account, 9, 15
- Change period ending date, 26
- Chart of accounts, 4
- Check numbering, automatic, 31
- Check register entry state, 31
- Closing checklist, 25, 47
- Control codes, printer, 18
- Cost of goods sold, 9
- Couldn't open ... , 49
- Couldn't read ..., couldn't write ... , 50
- Credit, 4
- Date, transaction, 28, 30
- Debit, 4
- Defaults, system, 17
- Department reports, 42
- Departmentalization, 5, 10
- Description, transaction, 29, 34
- changing, 33
- Detail accounts, 10
- Difference display, 29
- Double data disk system, 14
- Editing,
- accounts, 45
- transaction, 33
- vouchers, 36
- End of fiscal year, 17
- Entry signal,
- changing, 33
- definition, 28
- Equity, owner's, 7
- Error messages, 49
- Escape key, 30
- Expense accounts, 9
- File paths, 19
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- INDEX
-
-
- Finding an account, 32
- Fixed disk system, 14
- Folio reference, 33
- definition, 28
- entering, 31
- General journal entry state, 30
- Hard disk system, 14
- Income Summary account, 8
- Income statement, 40
- Income statement accounts, 8
- Journal, 25
- Liability accounts, 7
- Limits, system, 3
- Listings,
- accounts, 46
- journal, 36
- single account, 37
- Master accounts, 10
- Name, company, 15
- Not enough memory, 49
- Numeric search, 32
- Passwords, 20
- Posting reference, in Cash Journal, 31
- Posting the journal, 27, 38
- Printer control codes, 18
- Profit and loss account, 7
- Prompt line, 15
- Recovering lost data, 50
- Requirements, system, 3
- Search, numeric and alphabetic, 32
- Security, 11
- Segments, accounting system, 6
- Single account,
- listing, 37
- summary, 41
- Single data disk system, 14
- Stop printing, 39
- Subordinate accounts, 10
- Transaction, 25
- definition, 27
- report, 39
- window, 33
- Trial balance, 42
- Voucher, 4, 25
- canceling, 33
- definition, 27
- number, 28
- Work state, 27
- Year end, fiscal, 17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-